Coordinates: 50°54′40″N 0°22′01″W / 50.911°N 0.367°W / 50.911; -0.367

South Downs National Park
Protected Area
View of the South Downs from Devil's Dyke
Country	England
Region	South East
Districts	Chichester, East Hampshire, Winchester, Lewes, Arun, Horsham, Wealden, Mid Sussex, Eastbourne, Brighton and Hove, Adur, Worthing
Nearby towns	Brighton, Worthing, Eastbourne, Hove, Winchester, Burgess Hill, Chichester, Seaford
Highest point
- location	Blackdown
- elevation	280 m (919 ft)
- coordinates	51°3′30.24″N 0°41′24.22″W / 51.0584000°N 0.6900611°W / 51.0584000; -0.6900611
Lowest point
- location	Sea level
- elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	140 km (87 mi), W-E
Width	11.2 km (7 mi), N-S
Area	1,627 km2 (628 sq mi)
Population	108,000 (2010)
Geology	chalk downland (South Downs escarpment), sandstone and clay (Western Weald)
National Park of England	April 1, 2010
Management	South Downs National Park Authority
- location	Midhurst
Visitation	16m
IUCN category	V - Protected Landscape/Seascape
Map of the South Downs National Park
Wikimedia Commons: South Downs
Website: www.southdowns.gov.uk

The South Downs National Park is England's newest National Park, having become fully operational on 1 April 2011. The park, covering an area of 1,627 square kilometres (628 sq mi) in southern England, stretches for 140 kilometres (87 mi) from Winchester in the west to Eastbourne in the east through the counties of Hampshire, West Sussex and East Sussex. The national park covers not only the chalk ridge of the South Downs, with its celebrated chalk downland landscape that culminates in the iconic chalky white cliffs of Beachy Head, but also a substantial part of a separate physiographic region, the western Weald, with its heavily wooded sandstone and clay hills and vales. The South Downs Way spans the entire length of the park and is the only National Trail that lies wholly within a national park.

History [edit]

The idea of a South Downs National Park goes back to the 1920s,^[1] when public concern was mounting about increasing threats to the beautiful downland environment, particularly the impact of indiscriminate speculative housing development on the eastern Sussex Downs (Peacehaven was a notorious example of this). In 1929, the Council for the Preservation of Rural England, led by campaigners including the geographer Vaughan Cornish, submitted a memorandum to the Prime Minister urging the case for national parks, including a national park on part of the South Downs. However, when, towards the end of World War II, John Dower was asked to report on how a system of national parks in England and Wales might be established, his 1945 report, National Parks in England and Wales, did not identify the South Downs for national park status, but rather included it in a list of "other amenity areas". Sir Arthur Hobhouse's 1947 Report of the National Parks Committee took a different view, and he included the South Downs in his list of twelve areas recommended for designation as a national park, defined by John Dower as an "extensive area of beautiful and relatively wild country in which, for the nation's benefit...the characteristic landscape beauty is strictly preserved".

The South Downs was the last of the original twelve recommended national parks to be designated. Indeed, the extensive damage that had been caused to the chalk downland from 1940 onwards through being ploughed up for arable farming and the concomitant disappearance of sheep grazing militated against further consideration of their designation: when the National Parks Commission came to consider the case for designating the South Downs as a national park it concluded, in 1956, that designation was no longer appropriate, noting that the recreational value of the South Downs as a potential national park had been considerably reduced by the extensive cultivation of the downland. But it recognised the "great natural beauty" of the area and proposed to take forward discussions to designate it as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In due course two AONBs, split along the county boundary, were designated, namely the East Hampshire AONB in 1962 and the Sussex Downs AONB in 1966, and these were later to form the basis of the South Downs National Park.^[2]

In September 1999 the government, following a review of national parks policy, declared its support for the creation of a South Downs National Park, and announced a consultation on its creation. In January 2003 the then Countryside Agency (now Natural England) made an Order to designate the proposed park in 2003 which was submitted to the Secretary of State for the Environment on 27 January 2003.

As a result of objections and representations received on the proposed Order, a public inquiry was conducted between 10 November 2003 and 23 March 2005,^[3] with the aim of recommending to ministers whether a national park should be confirmed and, if so, where its boundaries should be. The results of the inquiry were expected by the end of 2005, but were delayed pending a legal issue arising from a High Court case challenging part of the Order designating the New Forest National Park.^[4]

Following an appeal on the High Court case and new legislation included in the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006,^[5] the South Downs Inquiry report was published on 31 March 2006. It recommended a 23% reduction in the size of the originally-proposed national park, focussing it more narrowly on the chalk downland and excluding from it a large part of the existing East Hampshire and Sussex Downs AONBs. This proved highly controversial, leading to calls from the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England and others for the inclusion of the so-called western Weald, a region within the two AONBs possessing a geology, ecology and landscape quite different from the chalk hills of the South Downs, within the park boundary to ensure that it remained protected from development. The Secretary of State invited objections and representations on new issues relating to the proposed national park in a consultation that ran from 2 July to 13 August 2007. In the light of the responses received, the Secretary of State decided that it was appropriate to re-open the 2003-05 public inquiry. The inquiry re-opened on 12 February 2008 and was closed on 4 July 2008 after 27 sitting days. The Inspector's report was submitted on 28 November 2008.

On 31 March 2009 the result of the inquiry was published. The Secretary of State, Hilary Benn, announced that the South Downs would be designated a national park,^[6] and on 12 November 2009 he signed the order confirming the designation.^[7] Importantly, he confirmed that a number of hotly disputed areas, including the western Weald, the town of Lewes and the village of Ditchling, would be included within the national park.^[8]

The new national park came into full operation on 1 April 2011 when the new South Downs National Park Authority assumed statutory responsibility for it. The occasion was marked by an opening ceremony which took place in the market square of Petersfield, a town situated in the western Weald just 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of the chalk escarpment of the South Downs.

Administration [edit]

The cape of Beachy Head lies within the national park

The national park is administered by the South Downs National Park Authority (SDNPA). The SDNPA was established on 1 April 2010, and became fully functioning, including becoming the planning authority for the national park, on 1 April 2011.^[9] It is responsible for promoting the statutory purposes of the national park and the interests of the people who live and work within it. The statutory purposes of the SDNPA, as a national park authority, are specified by the Environment Act 1995; these are:

• To conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area

• To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the Park’s special qualities by the public.

It must also fulfill the following duty:

• In carrying out its role, the Authority has a duty to seek to foster the economic and social well-being of the communities living within the National Park.

The SDNPA is a public body, funded by central government, and run by a board of twenty seven members. The board consists of seven national members, appointed by the environment secretary by means of an open recruitment process; fourteen local authority nominees drawn from the fifteen local authorities covering the park area with Adur and Worthing opting to share a place; and six parish council representatives, two for each county.^[10]

The chair of SDNPA is Margaret Paren, a former civil servant who after retirement became involved in campaigning for the national park.

Geography [edit]

A view west from Devil's Dyke

The South Downs National Park stretches for 140 kilometres (87 mi) across southern England from St Catherine's Hill near Winchester in Hampshire in the west to Beachy Head, near Eastbourne in East Sussex in the east. In its western half, the southern boundary of the park lies up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) inland from the south coast; it thus excludes the major coastal towns and cities of Southampton, Portsmouth, Chichester, Bognor Regis and Littlehampton. Further east, where the park's southern boundary lies much closer to the coast, it has been carefully drawn to exclude the urban areas of Worthing, Brighton and Hove, Newhaven, Seaford and Eastbourne, which had all made substantial encroachments onto the Downs during the 19th and 20th centuries. By contrast, the park includes a number of towns situated in the western Weald, including Petersfield, Liss, Midhurst and Petworth, and the two historic Sussex towns of Arundel and Lewes.

The total population living within the national park is approximately 108,000. Of these 42,000 live in Hampshire, 40,000 in West Sussex and 25,000 in East Sussex. East Hampshire District Council area and Chichester District each have around 30,000 residents in the area and Lewes District 22,000. Winchester has 11,500 residents in the park, with much smaller numbers for the other districts and boroughs.^[11] The area receives about 39 million visits each year, which is thought likely to increase as a result of the creation of the national park.^[12]

The national park has an area of 1,625 square kilometres (627 sq mi), of which 544 square kilometres (210 sq mi) is in Hampshire, 807 square kilometres (312 sq mi) in West Sussex and 237 square kilometres (92 sq mi) in East Sussex. Among the district council areas, Chichester District has the largest area at 544 square kilometres (210 sq mi), followed by East Hampshire District with 279 square kilometres (108 sq mi), Winchester with 265 square kilometres (102 sq mi), Lewes District with 159 square kilometres (61 sq mi) and Arun 102 square kilometres (39 sq mi). 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) are in Horsham District and 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi) in Wealden District.^[11]

Apart from a number of boundary revisions, the park incorporates two areas previously designated as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the East Hampshire AONB and Sussex Downs AONB.

The South Downs National Park's chalk downland is a feature that sets it apart from other national parks in Britain.^[13] However, almost a quarter (23%) of the national park consists of a quite different and strongly contrasting physiographic region, the western Weald, whose densely wooded hills and vales are based on an older Wealden geology of resistant sandstones and softer clays. The highest point in the national park, Blackdown, at 280 metres (920 ft) above sea level, is in fact situated in the Weald, on the Greensand Ridge, whereas the highest point on the chalk escarpment of the South Downs, Butser Hill, has an elevation of 271 metres (889 ft) above sea level.

Geology [edit]

The Seven Sisters cliffs and the coastguard cottages, from Seaford Head across the River Cuckmere.

Most of the national park consists of chalk downland, although a significant part includes the sandstones and clays of the western Weald, a strongly contrasting and distinctive landscape of densely-wooded hills and vales.

The chalk was formed in the Late Cretaceous epoch, between 100 million and 65 million years ago, when the area was under the sea. During the Cenozoic era the chalk was uplifted as part of the Weald uplift which created the great Weald-Artois Anticline, caused by the same orogenic movements that created the Alps. The relatively resistant chalk rock has, through weathering, resulted in a classic cuesta landform, with a northward-facing chalk escarpment that rises dramatically above the low-lying vales of the Low Weald.

The chalk escarpment reaches the English Channel west of Eastbourne, where it forms the dramatic white cliffs of Beachy Head, the Seven Sisters and Seaford Head. These cliffs were formed after the end of the last Ice Age, when sea levels rose and the English Channel was formed, resulting in under-cutting of the chalk by the sea.

The South Downs run linearly west-north-westwards from the Eastbourne area through southern Sussex to the Hampshire downs, separating the south coastal plain from the clays and sandstones of the Weald. Behind the escarpment, on the dip slope, are the characteristic high, smooth, rolling downland hills interrupted by dry valleys and wind gaps, and the major river gaps of the Cuckmere, Ouse, Adur and Arun.

The chalk is a white sedimentary rock, notably homogeneous and fine-grained, and very permeable. It consists of minute calcite plates (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. The strata include numerous layers of flint nodules, which have been widely exploited as a material for manufacture of stone tools as well as a building material for dwellings. Similar areas in Britain include the North Downs and the Chilterns.

In its western section, the national park extends north beyond the chalk escarpment of the South Downs into a quite different and strongly contrasting physiographic region, the western Weald, taking in the valley of the western River Rother, incised into Lower Greensand bedrock, and the densely wooded hills and valleys of the Greensand Ridge and Weald Clay south of Haslemere.

References [edit]

External links [edit]

• Official website
• Establishment team newsletter
• Links to detailed Defra maps of the confirmed boundary