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Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Arms of Her Majesty's Government Northern Ireland Office
Incumbent Theresa Villiers since 4 September 2012
Department	Northern Ireland Office
Style	The Right Honourable
Residence	Hillsborough Castle
Appointer	Elizabeth II as the Sovereign, on the advice of the Prime Minister
Inaugural holder	William Whitelaw
Formation	24 March 1972
Succession	Lord Lieutenant of Ireland & Governor of Northern Ireland
Website	www.nio.gov.uk/

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The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, informally the Northern Ireland Secretary, is the principal secretary of state in the government of the United Kingdom with responsibilities for Northern Ireland. The Secretary of State is a Minister of the Crown who is accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is the chief minister in the Northern Ireland Office. As with other ministers, the position is appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister.

The position is normally described simply as 'the Secretary of State' by residents of Northern Ireland.

Formerly holding a large portfolio over home affairs in Northern Ireland, the current devolution settlement has lessened the Secretary of State's role, granting many of the former powers to the Northern Ireland Assembly and Northern Ireland Executive. The Secretary of State is now generally limited to representing Northern Ireland in the UK cabinet, overseeing the operation of the devolved administration and a number of reserved and excepted matters which remain the sole competence of the UK Government e.g. security, human rights, certain public inquiries and the administration of elections.^[1]

Created in 1972, the position has switched between Members of Parliament from the Conservative Party and Labour Party. As Labour has not fielded candidates in Northern Ireland and the Conservatives have not had candidates elected to Northern Ireland Assembly or for House of Commons seats in the province, those appointed as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland have not represented a constituency in Northern Ireland. This contrasts with the Secretary of State for Scotland and the Secretary of State for Wales.

The Secretary of State resides in Hillsborough Castle, the previous residence of the Governor and the official government and royal residence in Northern Ireland, and exercises their duties through the Northern Ireland Office.

History [edit]

Historically, the principal ministers for Irish (and subsequently Northern Ireland) affairs in the UK Government and its predecessors were:

• the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (c.1171-1922);
• the Chief Secretary for Ireland (1560-1922); and
• the Home Secretary (1922-1972).^[2]

In August 1969, for example, Home Secretary James Callaghan approved the sending of British Army soldiers to Northern Ireland.^[3] Scotland and Wales were represented by the Secretary of State for Scotland and Secretary of State for Wales from 1885 and 1965 respectively but Northern Ireland remained separate, due to the devolved Northern Ireland Government and Northern Ireland Parliament.

The office of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was created following the suspension, then abolition, of the Northern Ireland Parliament, following widespread civil strife. The UK Government was increasingly concerned that the Northern Ireland Government (at Stormont) was losing control of the situation. On 24 March 1972, it announced that direct rule from Westminster would be introduced. This took effect on 30 March 1972.^[4]

The post effectively filled three roles which existed under the previous Stormont regime:^[5]

• the Governor of Northern Ireland (the nominal head of the executive and representative of the British monarch);
• the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (now filled by the First Minister of Northern Ireland and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland acting jointly); and
• the Minister of Home Affairs (now filled by the Minister of Justice).

Direct rule was seen as a temporary measure, with a power-sharing devolution preferred as the solution, and was annually renewed by a vote in Parliament.

The Sunningdale Agreement in 1973 resulted in a brief, power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive, from 1 January 1974, which was ended by the loyalist Ulster Workers' Council strike on 28 May 1974. The strikers opposed the power-sharing and all-Ireland aspects of the new administration.

The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention (1975-1976) and Northern Ireland Assembly (1982-1986) were unsuccessful in restoring devolved government. After the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 15 November 1985, the UK Government and Irish Government co-operated more closely on security and political matters.

Following the Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) on 10 April 1998, devolution returned to Northern Ireland on 2 December 1999. This removed many of the duties of the Secretary of State and his Northern Ireland Office colleagues and devolved them to locally-elected politicians, constituting the Northern Ireland Executive.

The devolved administration was suspended several times (especially between 15 October 2002 and 8 May 2007) because the Ulster Unionist Party and Democratic Unionist Party were uncomfortable being in government with Sinn Féin when the Provisional Irish Republican Army had failed to decommission its arms fully and continued its criminal activities. On each of these occasions, the responsibilities of the ministers in the Executive then returned to the Secretary of State and his ministers. During these periods, in addition to administration of the region, the Secretary of State was also heavily involved in the negotiations with all parties to restore devolved government.

Power was again devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007. The Secretary of State retained responsibility for policing and justice until most of those powers were devolved on 12 April 2010.^[6]

List of office holders [edit]

Name		Portrait	Term of office		Political party	Prime Minister
	William Whitelaw		24 March 1972	2 December 1973	Conservative		Edward Heath
	Francis Pym		2 December 1973	4 March 1974	Conservative
	Merlyn Rees		5 March 1974	10 September 1976	Labour		Harold Wilson
	Roy Mason		10 September 1976	4 May 1979	Labour		James Callaghan
	Humphrey Atkins		5 May 1979	14 September 1981	Conservative		Margaret Thatcher
	James Prior		14 September 1981	11 September 1984	Conservative
	Douglas Hurd		11 September 1984	3 September 1985	Conservative
	Tom King		3 September 1985	24 July 1989	Conservative
	Peter Brooke		24 July 1989	10 April 1992	Conservative
							John Major
	Sir Patrick Mayhew		10 April 1992	2 May 1997	Conservative
	Mo Mowlam		3 May 1997	11 October 1999	Labour		Tony Blair
	Peter Mandelson		11 October 1999	24 January 2001 (resigned)	Labour
	John Reid		25 January 2001	24 October 2002	Labour
	Paul Murphy		24 October 2002	6 May 2005	Labour
	Peter Hain		6 May 2005	27 June 2007	Labour
	Shaun Woodward		28 June 2007	11 May 2010	Labour		Gordon Brown
	Owen Paterson		12 May 2010	4 September 2012	Conservative		David Cameron (Coalition)
	Theresa Villiers		4 September 2012	Incumbent	Conservative

See also [edit]

• First Minister of Northern Ireland
• Great Seal of Northern Ireland
• Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
• Secretary of State (United Kingdom)
• Secretary of State for Scotland
• Secretary of State for Wales

Notes [edit]

1. ^ http://www.nio.gov.uk/index/about-the-nio.htm
2. ^ "Home Office". National Archives Catalogue. National Archives. Retrieved 15 October 2011. 
3. ^ Melaugh, Martin. "The Deployment of British Troops - 14 August 1969". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). University of Ulster. Retrieved 15 October 2011. 
4. ^ Melaugh, Martin. "A Chronology of the Conflict - 1972". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). University of Ulster. Retrieved 15 October 2011. 
5. ^ Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972
6. ^ Mark Simpson (12 April 2010). "New era for policing and justice in Northern Ireland". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2010. 

v t e Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Office 1972-1974 Whitelaw Pym 1974-1979 Rees Mason 1979-1997 Atkins Prior Hurd King Brooke Mayhew 1997-2010 Mowlam Mandelson Reid Murphy Hain* Woodward 2010-present Paterson Villiers *Also Secretary of State for Wales; Secretary of State for Wales and Northern Ireland Opposition Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland