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Runs created (RC) is a baseball statistic invented by Bill James to estimate the number of runs a hitter contributes to his team.

## Purpose

James explains in his book, The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, why he believes runs created is an essential thing to measure:

With regard to an offensive player, the first key question is how many runs have resulted from what he has done with the bat and on the basepaths. Willie McCovey hit .270 in his career, with 353 doubles, 46 triples, 521 home runs and 1,345 walks -- but his job was not to hit doubles, nor to hit singles, nor to hit triples, nor to draw walks or even hit home runs, but rather to put runs on the scoreboard. How many runs resulted from all of these things?[1]

Runs created attempts to answer this bedrock question. The conceptual framework of the "runs created" stat is:

$RC = \frac{A\;\times\;B}{C}$

where

• A = On-base factor
• C = Opportunity factor

## Formula

### Basic runs created

In the most basic runs created formula:

$RC = \frac{(H+BB) \times TB}{AB+BB}$

where H is hits, BB is base on balls, TB is total bases and AB is at-bats.

This can also be expressed as

OBP × SLG × AB
or,
OBP × TB

where OBP is on base percentage, SLG is slugging average, AB is at-bats and TB is total bases.

### "Stolen base" version of runs created

This formula expands on the basic formula by accounting for a player's basestealing ability.

$RC = \frac{(H+BB-CS) \times (TB+(.55 \times SB))}{AB+BB}$

where H is hits, BB is base on balls, CS is caught stealing, TB is total bases, SB is stolen bases, and AB is at bats.

### "Technical" version of runs created

This formula accounts for all basic, easily available offensive statistics.

$RC = \frac{(H+BB-CS+HBP-GIDP) \times (TB+(.26 \times (BB - IBB + HBP)) + (.52 \times (SH + SF + SB)))}{AB+BB+HBP+SH+SF}$

where H is hits, BB is base on balls, CS is caught stealing, HBP is hit by pitch, GIDP is grounded into double play, TB is total bases, IBB is intentional base on balls, SH is sacrifice hit, SF is sacrifice fly, and AB is at bats.

### 2002 version of runs created

Earlier versions of runs created overestimated the number of runs created by players with extremely high A and B factors (on-base and slugging), such as Babe Ruth, Ted Williams and Barry Bonds. This is because these formulas placed a player in an offensive context of players equal to himself; it is as if the player is assumed to be on base for himself when he hits home runs. Of course, this is impossible, and in reality, a great player is interacting with offensive players whose contributions are inferior to his. The 2002 version corrects this by placing the player in the context of his real-life team. This 2002 version also takes into account performance in "clutch" situations.

A: $H + BB - CS + HBP - GIDP$
B: $(1.125 \times Singles) + (1.69 \times Doubles) + (3.02 \times Triples) + (3.73 \times HR) + .29 \times (BB - IBB + HBP) + .492 \times (SH + SF + SB) - (.04 \times K)$
C: $AB + BB + HBP + SH + SF$

where K is strikeout.

The initial individual runs created estimate is then:

$RC = \left ( \frac{(2.4C+A)\;(3C+B)}{9C} \right ) - .9C$

If situational hitting information is available, the following should be added to the above total:

$H_{RISP} - (AB_{RISP} \times BA) + HR_{ROB} - \frac{AB_{ROB} \times HR}{AB}$

where RISP is runners in scoring position, BA is batting average, HR is home run, and ROB is runners on base. The subscripts indicate the required condition for the formula. For example, $H_{RISP}$ means "hits while runners are in scoring position."

This is then figured for every member of the team, and an estimate of total team runs scored is added up. The actual total of team runs scored is then divided by the estimated total team runs scored, yielding a ratio of real to estimated team runs scored. The above individual runs created estimate is then multiplied by this ratio, to yield a runs created estimate for the individual.[2]

### Other expressions of runs created

The same information provided by runs created can be expressed as a rate stat, rather than a raw number of runs contributed. This is usually expressed as runs created per some number of outs, e.g. $\frac{RC}{27}$ (27 of course being the number of outs per team in a standard 9-inning baseball game).

## Accuracy

Runs created is believed to be an accurate measure of an individual's offensive contribution because when used on whole teams, the formula normally closely approximates how many runs the team actually scores. Even the basic version of runs created usually predicts a team's run total within a 5% margin of error.[3] Other, more advanced versions are even more accurate.

## Related statistics

• Win Shares is James' attempt to summarize, in one stat, a player's contributions on both offense and defense.

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 Inside the numbers: Marlins face epic futility - USA Today USA TODAY Wed, 01 May 2013 11:35:16 -0700 Each week, HighHeatStats.com will focus on one statistic. This week: Weighted Runs Created Plus. It's risky to dissect small statistical samples, but a few weeks into the 2013 season, this much is certain: The Miami Marlins are bad — possibly ... Fish Cap: Miami Marlins 2, Arizona Diamondbacks 9 Fish Stripes Fri, 17 May 2013 22:13:04 -0700 I mean, what better to not score runs than to just hit into a double play? It's the most efficient method of destroying run production known to man. The Marlins currently have a 66 Weighted Runs Created Plus (wRC+), which is the worst in baseball by a ... Runs and Sequencing Lookout Landing Mon, 06 May 2013 14:42:21 -0700 While wRC+ won't work because of secondary adjustments, the statistic's simplified form, weighted runs created (wRC*), is something we can use to make a valid comparison. * wRC might look kind of weird hanging out by itself, but it's basically just ... MLB Notebook: Segura, Gomez quite the duo MLB.com Wed, 15 May 2013 08:58:32 -0700 ... Jr. -- both finished in the top 10 in the American League in slugging percentage, OPS, runs scored, total bases, extra-base hits, RBIs, WAR (they were 1-2), weighted on-base average (wOBA), weighted runs created plus (wRC+) and OPS+, with Rodriguez ... Waiting For Next Year Carlos Santana's Coming Out Party Waiting For Next Year Thu, 16 May 2013 08:34:19 -0700 We're going to define “best hitter” using a stat called Weighted Runs Created Plus (wRC+). Basically, we're park- and league-adjusting a player's value, using linear weights. If you like wOBA (and if you don't you're a communist), then you should love ... LSU Baseball Stat Watch: Bregman, Jones, and Ibarra And the Valley Shook Tue, 14 May 2013 08:02:21 -0700 Ibarra's 5 home runs have him tied for second most on the team with Jones and Bregman, and his 39 Runs Created is third behind Bregman and Katz. Ibarra_5_game_medium. Ibarra has also been a fairly solid third baseman, but like Bregman we need to ... 2013 Fantasy Baseball, Total Run Series: Catchers TheFantasyFix.com Mon, 13 May 2013 08:11:00 -0700 The number looks different because it uses runs created as the primary hitting statistic rather than the offensive numbers I use. This is because he compares it with the replacement level player rather than the average like I do. His total runs include ... MLB by the numbers: Walk isn't as good as hit, but it's better than half of one Chicago Sun-Times Mon, 22 Apr 2013 20:17:50 -0700 Regardless of whether the advanced metric being used is runs created (used by Bill James in calculating Win Shares), weighted on-base average (used by FanGraphs.com in its offensive WAR) or any other sophisticated model, walks are given less weight ...
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