 A Yamaha piccolo. The body is made of ABS resin, and the head is plated with silver. |
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| Woodwind instrument | |
|---|---|
| Classification | |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 421.121.12-71 (Flute-like aerophone with keys) |
| Playing range | |
 The piccolo sounds one octave higher than written.  |
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| Related instruments | |
The piccolo[1] (Italian for small, but named Ottavino in Italy)[2] is a half-size flute, and a member of the woodwind family of musical instruments. The piccolo has most of the same fingerings as its larger sibling, the standard transverse flute,[3] but the sound it produces is an octave higher than written. This gave rise to the name "ottavino," the name by which the instrument is referred to in the scores of Italian composers.[4]
Piccolos are now only manufactured in the key of C[citation needed]; however, they were once also available in D♭. It was for this D♭ piccolo that John Philip Sousa wrote the famous solo in the final repeat of the closing section (trio) of his march "The Stars and Stripes Forever".
In the orchestral setting, the piccolo player is often designated as Piccolo/Flute III or even Assistant Principal. The larger orchestras have designated this position as a Solo position due to the demands of the literature. Piccolos are often orchestrated to double (i.e., to play together with) the violins or the flutes, adding sparkle and brilliance to the overall sound because of the aforementioned one-octave transposition upwards.
The first known use of the word piccolo was in 1856,[5] though the English were using the term already some fifteen years earlier.[6]
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Traditional use[edit]
Historically, the piccolo had no keys, and should not be confused with the fife, or classical piccolo, which has a smaller bore and is therefore more strident. The piccolo is used in conjunction with marching drums in traditional formations at the Carnival of Basel, Switzerland.
It is a myth that one of the earliest pieces to use the piccolo was Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, premiered in December 1808. Although neither Joseph Haydn nor Mozart used it in their symphonies, some of their contemporaries did, including Hoffmeister, Süssmayr and Michael Haydn.[7] Also, Mozart used the piccolo in his opera Idomeneo. Opera orchestras in Paris sometimes included small transverse flutes at the octave as early as 1735 as existing scores by Rameau show.[8]
Although once made of various kinds of wood, glass or ivory, piccolos today are made from a range of materials, including plastic, resin, brass, nickel silver, silver, and a variety of hardwoods, most commonly grenadilla. Finely made piccolos are often available with a variety of options similar to the flute, such as the split-E mechanism. Most piccolos have a conical body with a cylindrical head, which is like the Baroque flute and later flutes before the popularization of the Boehm bore used in modern flutes. Unlike other woodwind instruments, in most wooden piccolos the tenon joint connecting the head to the body has two interference fit points which surround both the cork and metal side of the piccolo body joint.
Repertoire[edit]
There are a number of pieces for piccolo alone, by such composers as Samuel Adler, Michael Isaacson, David Loeb, Polly Moller, and Vincent Persichetti.
Repertoire for piccolo and piano, many of which are sonatas have been composed by Robert Baksa, Robert Beaser, Eugene Damare, Pierre Max Dubois, Raymond Guiot, Lowell Liebermann, Peter Schikele, and Gary Schocker.
Concertos have been composed for piccolo, including those by Lowell Liebermann, Antonio Vivaldi, Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, Todd Goodman,[9] Martin Amlin,[10] Will Gay Bottje,[11] Bruce Broughton, Valentino Bucchi, Avner Dorman,[12] Jean Doué, Michael Easton,[13] Egil Hovland, Guus Janssen, Tilo Medek, Dexter Morrill, Raymond Niverd, Daniel Pinkham, Thomas Schudel, and Allan Stephenson.
Additionally, there is a small selection of chamber music which utilizes the piccolo. A few examples of this selection are Črt Sojar Voglar's Bird Tango (for three piccolos and piano), a Quintet for Piccolo and String Quartet by Graham Waterhouse, and Martin Rokeach's Nocturne (for piccolo, strings and harp).
Bibliography[edit]
- Gippo, Jan (ed.). The Complete Piccolo: A Comprehensive Guide to Fingerings, Repertoire, and History, second edition, foreword by Laurie Sokoloff; contributing editors, Therese Wacker, Morgan Williams, and Tammy Sue Kirk. Bryn Mawr: Theodore Presser Company, 2008. ISBN 1-59806-111-9
- Nourse, Nancy. "The Symphonic Debutante Piccolo: Was it Really Beethoven's Fifth?" Flute Focus 14 (April 2008): 26–29.
References[edit]
- ^ "Piccolo". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ "Piccolo". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ "Transverse flute". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ "The Names of Instruments and Voices in English, French, German, Italian, Russian1, and Spanish". Yale University Music Library. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ "Piccolo". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner (eds.), "piccolo, n.2", Oxford English Dictionary, second edition. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. ISBN 0198611862. Citing the Times, 6 January 1841.
- ^ Nourse, Nancy (April 2008). "The Symphonic Debutante Piccolo: Was it Really Beethoven's Fifth?". Flute Focus (14): 26–29.
- ^ Nourse, Nancy (April 2008). "The Symphonic Debutante Piccolo: Was it Really Beethoven's Fifth?". Flute Focus (14): 26–29.
- ^ "Todd Goodman: Composer". Quincy Symphony Orchestra Association. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ Martin Amlin page of Presser website.
- ^ Will Gay Bottje Piccolo Concerto, American Composers' Alliance website.
- ^ Avner Dorman on the Cabrillo Music Festival website.
- ^ Concerto for Piccolo, Percussion and Strings, Australian Music Centre page.
External links[edit]
Media related to Piccolo at Wikimedia Commons- The Woodwind Fingering Guide, large, easy-to-navigate listing of piccolo fingerings
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