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The Mission Revival Style was an architectural movement that began in the late 19th century for a colonial style's revivalism and reinterpretation, which drew inspiration from the late 18th and early 19th century Spanish missions in California.
The Mission Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1890 and 1915, through numerous residential, commercial, and institutional structures, particularly with schools and railroad depots, that used this easily recognizable architectural style.[1] It evolved into and was subsumed by the more articulated Spanish Colonial Revival Style, established in 1915 at the Panama–California Exposition.
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Influences [edit]
All of the colonial Las Californias missions (active 1769—1823), their compound's church and support structures, shared certain design characteristics. This is due to several factors: to the models for religious buildings the founding Franciscan missionaries had seen and emulated being Renaissance and Baroque examples in Spain and colonial Mexico City in New Spain; to the limited availability and variety of building materials besides adobe near mission sites or imported to Alta California; and, to both the missionaries and indigenous Californians having minimal 'western' construction skills and experience.
Characteristics [edit]
- Originals
The missions' style of necessity and security evolved around an enclosed courtyard, using massive adobe walls with broad unadorned plaster surfaces, limited fenestration and door piercing, low-pitched roofs with projecting wide eaves and non-flammable clay roof tiles, and thick arches springing from piers. Exterior walls were coated with white plaster (stucco), which with wide side eaves shielded the adobe brick walls from rain. Other features included long exterior arcades, an enfilade of interior rooms and halls, semi-independent bell gables, and at more prosperous missions curved 'Baroque' gables on the principal facade with towers.
- Revival
These architectural elements were replicated, in varying degrees, accuracy, and proportions, in the new Mission Revival structures. Simultaneous with the original style's revival was an awareness in California of the actual missions fading into ruins and their restoration campaigns, and nostalgia in the quickly changing state for a 'simpler time' as the novel Ramona popularized at the time. Contemporary construction materials and practices, earthquake codes, and building uses render the structural and religious architectural components primarily aesthetic decoration, while the service elements such as tile roofing, solar shielding of walls and interiors, and outdoor shade arcades and courtyards are still functional.
The Mission Revival style of architecture, and subsequent Spanish Colonial Revival style, have historical, narrative—nostalgic, cultural—environmental associations, and climate appropriateness that have made for a predominant historical regional vernacular architecture style in the Southwestern United States, especially in California.
- In prose
- Give me neither Romanesque nor Gothic;
- much less Italian Renaissance,
- and least of all English Colonial —
- this is California — give me Mission.
- Anonymous, 1924[2]
Mission Revival Style examples [edit]
The Mission Inn in Southern California is one of the largest extant Mission Revival Style buildings in the United States. Located in Riverside, it has been restored, with tours of the style's expression.[3]
- Other structures designed in the Mission Revival Style include:
- La Castaňeda Hotel, Harvey House in Las Vegas, New Mexico, opened January 1, 1899. the first Mission Revival style building in New Mexico, arch: Frederick Roehrig and A. Reinsch;[4]
- Alvarado Hotel in Albuquerque, New Mexico, completed in 1902 for Fred Harvey; (demolished in 1970)
- Arrowhead Springs Resort & Hotel, in San Bernardino Mountains, Southern California; (1939), (mission moderne), arch: Paul Williams, interiors Dorothy Draper.[5]
- Ponce De Leon Hotel in St. Petersburg, Florida, completed in 1922[6]
- Caliente Railroad Depot, in Caliente, Nevada, completed in 1923
- California Baptist University, in Riverside, California, original school buildings built for Neighbors of Woodcraft, completed in 1921
- Castañeda Hotel in Las Vegas, New Mexico, completed in 1898 for Fred Harvey Company
- Four Roses Distillery, in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky. built in 1910.
- Francis Lederer estate and residence, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed 1936[7]
- Iao Theater, in Wailuku, Maui—Hawaii, built in 1928.
- Kelso Depot, in Mojave Desert—Mojave National Preserve, California, completed in 1923 for Union Pacific Railroad.
- Lederer Stables—Canoga Mission Gallery, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed in 1936[8]
- Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building; Julia Morgan, Downtown Los Angeles, 1915.
- Mission Inn, in Riverside, California, completed in 1932[9]
- Santa Fe Railway Depot in San Juan Capistrano, California, completed in 1894
- San Gabriel Civic Auditorium, in San Gabriel, California, completed in 1927
- Southern Pacific Railroad depot in Burlingame, California, completed in 1894
- Stanford University, main quad, in Palo Alto, California, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge; completed in 1891; site-landscape master plan Frederic Law Olmstead.
- Union Station, in San Diego, California, completed in 1915.
- Villa Rockledge, in Laguna Beach, California, completed in 1935[10]
- Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Clausen & Clausen, Davenport, Iowa, constructed 1909-1910.
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Weitze, p. 14: "Railroad literature described the missions as 'Worthy a glance from the tourists [sic] eye,' with the Southern Pacific, from 1888 to 1890, publishing numerous pamphlets that included sections on the missions."
- ^ Rey, Felix (October 1924). "A Tribute to Mission Style". Architect and Engineer.
- ^ http://www.riversideca.gov/historic/pdf/hpDistrictBrochureText.pdf
- ^ Richard Melzer (2008). Fred Harvey Houses of the Southwest. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 37–40. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
- ^ http://www.arrowheadsprings.org/html/history.html arrowheadsprings.org. 'history.' access date: 5/11/2010.
- ^ St. Petersburg Historic Preservation - Hotels
- ^ Big Orange-Lederer Residence
- ^ Big Orange—Canoga Mission Gallery
- ^ Jones, p. 2
- ^ Jones, p. 42
Further reading [edit]
- Gustafson, Lee and Phil Serpico (1999). Santa Fe Coast Lines Depots: Los Angeles Division. Acanthus Press, Palmdale, CA. ISBN 0-88418-003-4.
- Jones, R. (1991). The History of Villa Rockledge. American National Research Institute, Laguna Beach, CA.
- Weitze, Karen J. (1984). California's Mission Revival. Hennessy & Ingalls, Inc., Los Angeles, CA. ISBN 0-912158-89-1.
- Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
External links [edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mission Revival Style architecture |
- Northern Arizona University: Mission Revival Style - architectural examples Gallery
- Hewn and Hammered - dedicated to discussion of the American Arts & Crafts movement, and its Mission Revival component.
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