| President of the Republic of Sudan جمهورية السودان |
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 Presidential Standard |
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| Residence | Republican Palace Khartoum, Sudan |
| Term length | 5 years (no term limits) |
| Inaugural holder | Five-member Sovereignty Council (joint control) |
| Formation | 1 January 1956 |
| Deputy | Vice President of Sudan |
| Website | www.presidency.gov.sd |
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| This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Sudan |
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Since the country's independence on 1 January 1956, six individuals (and three multi-member sovereignty councils) have served as head of state of Sudan, currently under the title President of the Republic of Sudan. Prior to independence, Sudan was governed as a condominium by Egypt and the United Kingdom, under the name Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. As such, executive power was vested in a dyarchy consisting of both countries' heads of state – at the time of independence, the Queen of the United Kingdom (Elizabeth II) and the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council (headed by Gamal Abdel Nasser). Immediately following independence, the role of head of state was filled by a five-member Sovereignty Council, with rival nationalist factions unable to agree on a single candidate. In November 1958, General Ibrahim Abboud led a military coup d'état, assuming the role of head of state as Chairman of the Supreme Council. Assuming the title of president in 1964, he resigned later that year due to general discontent around the rule of the military regime. Abboud was succeeded by a senior civil servant, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, who serving as acting president for 18 days before transferring executive authority to a Committee of Sovereignty.
Ismail al-Azhari, the leader of the National Unionist Party, was made president in July 1965, and ruled with limited power until he was deposed in 1969. The military officers responsible for the coup established the National Revolutionary Command Council, chaired by Gaafar Nimeiry. Nimeiry, the leader of the newly formed Sudanese Socialist Union, assumed the position of president in 1971, and subsequently established a single-party state, which existed until 1985, when a group of military officers overthrew his government and established the Transitional Military Council, led by Lieutenant-General Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Ahmed al-Mirghani succeeded to the relatively powerless position of Chairman of the Supreme Council in 1986, after multi-party elections held that year. He was deposed in a 1989 military coup led by Lieutenant-General Omar al-Bashir. Al-Bashir has served as head of state since the coup, under the title of Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation to 1993 and as president from 1993 onwards (and from 1996 as the leader of the National Congress Party).
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Titles of the head of state [edit]
Although currently accorded the title of president, Sudan's heads of state have been given a number of titles throughout the country's history, often relating to the chairmanship of various executive councils:
- 1956–1958: Chairman of the Sovereignty Council
- 1958–1964: Chairman of the Supreme Council
- 1964: President of the Republic of Sudan
- 1964–1965: Chairman of the Committee of Sovereignty
- 1965–1969: Chairman of the Sovereignty Council
- 1969–1971: Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council
- 1971–1985: President of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
- 1985–1986: Chairman of the Transitional Military Council
- 1986–1989: Chairman of the Supreme Council
- 1989–1993: Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
- 1993–: President of the Republic of Sudan
List of heads of state of Sudan [edit]
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
| Tenure | Portrait | Incumbent | Affiliation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of Sudan | ||||
| جمهورية السودان (Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān) | ||||
| 1 January 1956 to 17 November 1958 | Sovereignty Council | |||
| Abdel Fattah Muhammad al-Maghrabi | ||||
| Muhammad Ahmad Yasin | ||||
| Ahmad Muhammad Salih | ||||
| Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri | ||||
| Siricio Iro Wani | ||||
| 18 November 1958 to 31 October 1964 |  |
Ibrahim Abboud, Chairman of the Supreme Council | Mil | |
| 31 October 1964 to 16 November 1964 | Ibrahim Abboud, President | Resigned after mass protests | ||
| 16 November 1964 to 3 December 1964 | Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, Acting President | UNF | ||
| 3 December 1964 to 10 June 1965 | First Committee of Sovereignty | |||
| Abdel Halim Muhammad | 1st Term | |||
| Tijani al-Mahi | ||||
| Mubarak Shaddad | ||||
| Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman | ||||
| Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho | ||||
| 10 June 1965 to 8 July 1965 | Second Committee of Sovereignty | |||
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Ismail al-Azhari | NUP | ||
| Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi | ||||
| Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho | ||||
| Abdel Halim Muhammad | 2nd Term | |||
| Khidr Hamad | ||||
| 8 July 1965 to 1967 | |
Ismail al-Azhari, Chairman of the Sovereignty Council | NUP | |
| 1967 to 25 May 1969 | DUP | Deposed in a coup d'état | ||
| Democratic Republic of the Sudan | ||||
| جمهورية السودان الديمُقراطية (Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah) | ||||
| 25 May 1969 to 12 October 1971 |  |
Gaafar Nimeiry, Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council | Mil | Briefly interrupted during the 19-22 July 1971 coup d'état |
| 12 October 1971 to 6 April 1985 | Gaafar Nimeiry, President | SSU | Deposed in a coup d'état | |
| 6 April 1985 to 9 April 1985 | Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, Commander-in-Chief | Mil | ||
| 9 April 1985 to 15 December 1985 | Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, Chairman of the Transitional Military Council | |||
| Republic of the Sudan | ||||
| جمهورية السودان (Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān) | ||||
| 15 December 1985 to 6 May 1986 | Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, Chairman of the Transitional Military Council | Mil | ||
| 6 May 1986 to 30 June 1989 |  |
Ahmed al-Mirghani, Chairman of the Supreme Council | DUP | Deposed in a coup d'état |
| 30 June 1989 to 16 October 1993 |  |
Omar al-Bashir, Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation | Mil | |
| 16 October 1993 to 1996 | Omar al-Bashir, President | |||
| 1996 to Present | NC | |||
Affiliations [edit]
- UNF - United National Front
- NUP - National Unionist Party
- DUP - Democratic Unionist Party (renamed National Unionist Party)
- SSU - Sudanese Socialist Union
- UMMA - National Umma Party Sudan
- NC - National Congress
- Mil - Military
- n-p - Non-partisan
Latest election [edit]
| Candidates - Parties | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| Omar Hassan al-Bashir – National Congress | 6,901,694 | 68.24% |
| Yasir Arman – Sudan People’s Liberation Movement | 2,193,826 | 21.69% |
| Abdullah Deng Nhial – Popular Congress Party | 396,139 | 3.92% |
| Hatim Al-Sir – Democratic Unionist Party | 195,668 | 1.93% |
| Al-Sadiq Al-Mahdi – Umma Party | 96,868 | 0.96% |
| Kamil Idriss – independent | 77,132 | 0.76% |
| Mahmood Ahmed Jeha – independent | 71,708 | 0.71% |
| Mubarak al-Fadil – Umma Reform and Renewal Party | 49,402 | 0.49% |
| Munir Sheikh El-din Jallab – New National Democratic Party | 40,277 | 0.40% |
| Abdel-Aziz Khalid – Sudanese National Alliance | 34,592 | 0.34% |
| Fatima Abdel-Mahmood – Sudanese Socialist Democratic Union | 30,562 | 0.30% |
| Mohamed Ibrahim Nugud – Sudanese Communist Party | 26,442 | 0.26% |
| Total votes | 10,114,310 | 100.00% |
| Source: Sudan Tribune | ||
See also [edit]
External links [edit]
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