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In mathematics, F₄ is the name of a Lie group and also its Lie algebra f₄. It is one of the five exceptional simple Lie groups. F₄ has rank 4 and dimension 52. The compact form is simply connected and its outer automorphism group is the trivial group. Its fundamental representation is 26-dimensional.

The compact real form of F₄ is the isometry group of a 16-dimensional Riemannian manifold known as the octonionic projective plane OP². This can be seen systematically using a construction known as the magic square, due to Hans Freudenthal and Jacques Tits.

There are 3 real forms: a compact one, a split one, and a third one.

The F₄ Lie algebra may be constructed by adding 16 generators transforming as a spinor to the 36-dimensional Lie algebra so(9), in analogy with the construction of E₈.

In older books and papers, F₄ is sometimes denoted by E₄.

Algebra [edit]

Dynkin diagram [edit]

The Dynkin diagram for F₄ is .

Weyl/Coxeter group [edit]

Its Weyl/Coxeter group is the symmetry group of the 24-cell: it is a solvable group of order 1152.

Cartan matrix [edit]

F₄ lattice [edit]

The F₄ lattice is a four dimensional body-centered cubic lattice (i.e. the union of two hypercubic lattices, each lying in the center of the other). They form a ring called the Hurwitz quaternion ring. The 24 Hurwitz quaternions of norm 1 form the 24-cell.

Roots of F₄ [edit]

The 24 vertices of 24-cell (red) and 24 vertices of its dual (yellow) represent the 48 root vectors of F₄ in this Coxeter plane projection

The 48 root vectors of F₄ can be found as the vertices of the 24-cell in two dual configurations:

24-cell vertices:

• 24 roots by (±1,±1,0,0), permutating coordinate positions

Dual 24-cell vertices:

• 8 roots by (±1, 0, 0, 0), permutating coordinate positions
• 16 roots by (±½, ±½, ±½, ±½).

Simple roots [edit]

One choice of simple roots for F₄, , is given by the rows of the following matrix:

Hasse diagram of F4 root poset

F₄ polynomial invariant [edit]

Just as O(n) is the group of automorphisms which keep the quadratic polynomials x² + y² + ... invariant, F₄ is the group of automorphisms of the following set of 3 polynomials in 27 variables. (The first can easily be substituted into other two making 26 variables).

Where x, y, z are real valued and X, Y, Z are octonion valued. Another way of writing these invariants is as (combinations of) Tr(M), Tr(M²) and Tr(M³) of the hermitian octonion matrix:

F₄ is the only exceptional lie group which gives the automorphisms of a set of real commutative polynomials. (The other exceptional lie groups require anti-commutative polynomial invariants).

Representations [edit]

The characters of finite dimensional representations of the real and complex Lie algebras and Lie groups are all given by the Weyl character formula. The dimensions of the smallest irreducible representations are (sequence A121738 in OEIS):

1, 26, 52, 273, 324, 1053 (twice), 1274, 2652, 4096, 8424, 10829, 12376, 16302, 17901, 19278, 19448, 29172, 34749, 76076, 81081, 100776, 106496, 107406, 119119, 160056 (twice), 184756, 205751, 212992, 226746, 340119, 342056, 379848, 412776, 420147, 627912…

The 52-dimensional representation is the adjoint representation, and the 26-dimensional one is the trace-free part of the action of F₄ on the exceptional Albert algebra of dimension 27.

There are two non-isomorphic irreducible representations of dimensions 1053, 160056, 4313088, etc. The fundamental representations are those with dimensions 52, 1274, 273, 26 (corresponding to the four nodes in the Dynkin diagram in the order such that the double arrow points from the second to the third).

See also [edit]

• Exceptional Jordan algebra

References [edit]

• John Baez, The Octonions, Section 4.2: F₄, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 39 (2002), 145-205. Online HTML version at

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/node15.html.

• Adams, J. Frank (1996), Lectures on exceptional Lie groups, Chicago Lectures in Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-00526-3, MR 1428422 

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