The cross-strung harp is a multi-course harp that has two rows of strings which intersect without touching. While accidentals are played on the pedal harp via the pedals and on the lever harp with levers, the cross-strung harp features two rows so that each of the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale has its own string.
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[edit] The Spanish Renaissance Cross-Strung
The first cross-strung harp is believed to have been created in the late 16th century in Spain and was known as the "Arpa de dos ordenes". Its identity as an instrument was established as soon as the early 17th century and was used in both liturgical and secular music. Its popularity reached its peak in the late 17th century, and its popularity declined into the early 18th century. The reasons for its decline are complex, including the cultural displacement of Spanish music and musical instruments at court (such as the arpa de dos ordenes and the vihuela) in favor of Italian and French music and instruments (violin, harpsichord, lute, etc).
[edit] The French Romantic Cross-Strung
The Pleyel & Wolff Company in Paris produced a cross-strung model based on pedal harp proportions in the late 19th century, to try to accommodate increasing chromaticism in orchestral music (a problem for orchestral harpists, because of the double-action pedal system still in use on orchestral harps). Designed by Gustave Lyon and known as the "harpe chromatique", it had two sets of strings, one tuned to C major and the other tuned to F-sharp/G-flat pentatonic like a piano, enabling the harpist to play any note from either side of the neck. The two sets of strings crossed near the vertical mid-point of the strings, unlike the Arpa de dos ordenes' strings, which crossed close to the neck. This allowed both of the player's hands to reach both sets of strings at the point of greatest resonance.
Perhaps the most famous classical composition written for the harpe chromatique is Claude Debussy's Danse avec double quatuor cordes: Danse sacree, danse profane, commissioned by Pleyel and published in 1904.
[edit] The Contemporary Cross-Strung
Contemporary cross strung harps are being built with gut, nylon or wire strings, in a variety of sizes ranging from two to five or more octaves. Unlike the Spanish or French cross-strung harps, these are designed on a Celtic or folk harp model with smaller soundboxes, lighter string tension, and smaller size.
The largest resurgence or reinterpretation of the cross-strung harp began in California in 1987, when luthier and folk harp enthusiast Roland "Robbie" Robinson was presented with a cross-strung harp needing repairs. This harp is believed to have been made by Welsh luthier John Thomas as a student instrument for the harpe chromatique program at the Conservatoire Royal de Bruxelles. Robinson published a description and drawing of this instrument in the Folk Harp Journal (the magazine of the International Society of Folk Harpers and Craftsmen). Emil Geering (now deceased), a retired machinist in British Columbia, began building cross-strung harps based on Robinson's rough plans. Ben Brown, a musician from Michigan, obtained one of Geering's harps and subsequently persuaded American luthiers Dan Speer and Pat O'Laughlin (retired) to build models of cross-strung harps. Harper Tasche, a Washington State musician, developed a five-octave model of cross-strung harp with Blessley Instruments in Vancouver Washington, and subsequently recorded the world's first CD completely dedicated to the cross-strung harp in 1998.
The most common type of contemporary cross-strung harp is strung with nylon, and is built with a "7x5" string configuration: each octave contains the seven notes of a diatonic scale on one set of strings, and the five "accidentals" per octave on the other set of strings. The layout is similar to a keyboard. Like a keyboard, each major scale has its own fingering pattern, and basic chords fall into pattern shapes or groupings. The advantage of this layout is that it provides a familiar concept (diatonic and accidentals) to the player, and is easier to learn due to the presence of the diatonic "home row" of strings.
A less common string configuration is the "6x6" in which each set of strings is tuned to a whole-tone scale (rather than diatonic and 'accidental' tuning). The advantage of this layout is that only two sets of fingering patterns are required for major scales, one set when the root of the key is on the left strung strings and the other for the root on the right strung strings (though there is no advantage in fingering for chords, as the 5x7 and 6x6 configurations use the same number and types of pattern shapes to produce major, minor, augmented and diminished triads). Another advantage is that a 6x6 harp can include a broader range than a 7x5 of similar size, since there are only six strings per octave in each row.
Unusual custom versions of the cross strung harp have been created by harp builders. Among these are a five-octave cross-strung harp fitted with steel strings (called the "lute harp") made by Gustav Lyon in 1899; the large X-shaped harps with two necks and two pillars, typified by the "Greenway" harp built in New York in 1889 (now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments); the many innovations and variations in design by Gustav Lyon on the 'harpe chromatique' (including built-in tuning reeds, shutters on the soundbox operated by pedals, steel framing, etc) from 1894–1930; pedal-activated damping rods for the lowest strings, and a "7x5x7" crossing double harp, by Philippe SRL Clément, late 1980s; a cross-strung harp with phosphor bronze wire strings by Argent Fox Musical Instruments in Indiana; and a hybrid 6x6 cross-strung which includes a sharping lever on each string, built in 1992 by Glenn Hill of Mountain Glen Harps in Oregon.
For a more detailed history of the Spanish arpa de dos ordenes, and the contemporary cross-strung harp, please see the articles under "historical harp" and "folk harp" at the non-profit educational organization Harp Spectrum.
[edit] References
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) |
- X-Harps: History, Playing Technique, Music and Construction of the Cross Strung Chromatic Harp. Hannelore Devaere and Philippe SRL Clément (1988, out of print).
- How to Play the Cross-Strung Harp: A contemporary guide for use with or without the benefit of a teacher. Harper Tasche (2001, www.harpcrossing.com).
- Harps and Harpists. Roslyn Rensch (1989, revised edition 2007; Indiana University Press).
- The Double Harp in Spain from the 16th to the 18th Centuries. Early Music (May 1987).
