Charles-François Gounod (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl fʁɑ̃swa ɡuno]; 17 June 1818 – 17 October[1][2] or 18 October[3][4] 1893) was a French composer, most well known for his Ave Maria (based on a work by Bach) as well as his opera Faust. Another opera by Gounod is Roméo et Juliette.
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Biography [edit]
Gounod was born in Paris, the son of a pianist mother and an artist father. His mother was his first piano teacher. Under her tutelage, Gounod first showed his musical talents. He entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied under Fromental Halévy and Pierre Zimmermann (he later married Zimmermann's daughter). In 1839, he won the Prix de Rome for his cantata Fernand. He was following his father; François-Louis Gounod (d. 1823) had won the second Prix de Rome in painting in 1783.[4] During his stay of four years in Italy, Gounod studied the music of Palestrina and other sacred works of the sixteenth century; these he never ceased to cherish. Around 1846-47 he gave serious consideration to joining the priesthood, but he changed his mind before actually taking holy orders, and went back to composition.[5] During that period, he was attached to the Church of Foreign Missions in Paris.
In 1854, Gounod completed a Messe Solennelle, also known as the Saint Cecilia Mass. This work was first performed in its entirety in the church of St Eustache in Paris on Saint Cecilia's Day, 22 November 1855; from this rendition dates Gounod's fame as a noteworthy composer.
During 1855 Gounod wrote two symphonies. His Symphony No. 1 in D major was the inspiration for the Symphony in C, composed later that year by Georges Bizet, who was then Gounod's 17-year-old student. In the CD era a few recordings of these pieces have emerged: by Michel Plasson conducting the Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse, and by Sir Neville Marriner with the Academy of St Martin in the Fields. Fanny Mendelssohn, sister of Felix Mendelssohn, introduced the keyboard music of Johann Sebastian Bach to Gounod, who came to revere Bach. For him, The Well-Tempered Clavier was "the law to pianoforte study...the unquestioned textbook of musical composition". It inspired Gounod to devise an improvisation of a melody over the C major Prelude (BWV 846) from the collection's first book. To this melody, in 1859 (after the deaths of both Mendelssohn siblings), Gounod fitted the words of the Ave Maria, resulting in a setting that became world-famous.[6]
Gounod wrote his first opera, Sapho, in 1851, at the urging of a friend of his, the singer Pauline Viardot; it was a commercial failure. He had no great theatrical success until Faust (1859), derived from Goethe. This remains the composition for which he is best known; and although it took some time to achieve popularity, it became one of the most frequently staged operas of all time, with no fewer than 2,000 performances of the work having taken place by 1975 at the Paris Opéra alone.[7] The romantic and melodious Roméo et Juliette (based on the Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet), premiered in 1867, is revived now and then but has never come close to matching Faust's popular following. Mireille, first performed in 1864, has been admired by connoisseurs rather than by the general public. The other Gounod operas have fallen into oblivion.
From 1870 to 1874 Gounod lived in England. In 17 Morden Road, Blackheath. A blue plaque has been put up on the house to show where he lived.[8] He became the first conductor of what is now the Royal Choral Society. Much of his music from this time is vocal. He became entangled with the amateur English singer Georgina Weldon,[9] a relationship (platonic, it seems) which ended in great acrimony and embittered litigation.[10] Gounod had lodged with Weldon and her husband in London's Tavistock House.
Later in his life, Gounod returned to his early religious impulses, writing much sacred music. His Pontifical Anthem (Marche Pontificale, 1869) eventually (1949) became the official national anthem of Vatican City. He expressed a desire to compose his Messe à la mémoire de Jeanne d'Arc (1887) while kneeling on the stone on which Joan of Arc knelt at the coronation of Charles VII of France.[4] A devout Catholic, he had on his piano a music-rack in which was carved an image of the face of Jesus.
He was made a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur in July 1888.[4] In 1893, shortly after he had put the finishing touches to a requiem written for his grandson, he died of a stroke in Saint-Cloud, France.
One of Gounod's short pieces for piano, "Funeral March of a Marionette", received a new and unexpected lease of life in 1955 when it was first used as the theme for the television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents. The March was one of the eight records that Alfred Hitchcock selected to take to his desert island when he appeared on the BBC radio program Desert Island Discs in 1959.[11] The March had earlier been used to produce equally suspenseful moments in F. W. Murnau's American silent film, Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) and Harold Lloyd's first sound film, Welcome Danger (1929).[12]
Compositions [edit]
Media [edit]
References [edit]
Notes
- ^ Harding, James. Gounod, Stein & Day, 1973.
- ^ Biography at charles-gounod.com
- ^ Slonimsky, Nicholas, ed. Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 7th ed.
- ^ a b c d Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed. 1954.
- ^ Cooper M. French Music from the death of Berlioz to the death of Fauré. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ^ Joan Benson: Bach and the Clavier
- ^ Giroud, V. French Opera: A Short History. Yale University Press, 2010.
- ^ http://openplaques.org/plaques/5286
- ^ Weldon G. My Orphanage and Gounod in England. London, 1882.
- ^ Huebner S. The Operas of Charles Gounod. Oxford. Oxford University Press, 1990.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/94e588c8
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020572/soundtrack
Sources
- "Charles Gounod: Works". Charles GOUNOD: The Website !. Retrieved 31 March 2005.
- Sadie, S. (ed.) (1980) The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, [vol. # 7].
- Scholes. The Oxford Companion to Music, 10th ed., pp. 416–417.
Other sources
- De Bovet, Marie Anne, Charles Gounod: His Life and His Works. pre-1923 work, digitised and re-released in 2008 as ISBN 0559263309
Portraits [edit]
- Charles-Octave Blanchard, oil on canvas, Rome, 1841, Musée de la Vie romantique, Hôtel Scheffer-Renan, Paris
- Ary Scheffer, oil on canvas, Paris, ca. 1858, Musée national du château et des Trianons de Versailles, Château de Versailles
Articles [edit]
- Works by Charles Gounod at Project Gutenberg
"Charles-François Gounod". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gounod, Charles François". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Sheet music [edit]
- Free scores by Charles Gounod at the International Music Score Library Project
- Score of "Chants sacrés: 60 motets avec accompt. d’orgue ou piano pour messes, saluts, mariages, offices divers" From Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
- Free scores by Charles Gounod in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- Free sheet music on Cantorion.org
- Free scores at the Mutopia Project
Recordings [edit]
- Gounod cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
- Roméo et Juliette Complete MP3 Creative Commons Recording
- Performance of Ave Maria
- Free Mp3 file of the Fantasie elegante on Gounod's "Faust" by Ignace Leybach, played by John Kersey
- Sound-bites from String Quartet in A minor & short bio
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