| Toadfishes Temporal range: Middle Miocene–Recent [1] |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Batrachoidiformes |
| Family: | Batrachoididae |
| Subfamilies | |
Batrachoididae is the only family in the ray-finned fish order Batrachoidiformes. Fish in this family are usually called toadfish: both the English common name and scientific name refer to their toad-like appearance (batrakhos is Greek for frog).
Toadfish are benthic ambush predators that favor sandy or muddy substrates where their cryptic coloration helps them avoid detection by their prey. Toadfish are well known for their ability to "sing", males in particular using the swim bladder as a sound-production device used to attract mates.
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Description [edit]
Toadfishes are usually scaleless, with eyes set high on large heads. Their mouths are also large, with both maxilla and premaxilla, and often decorated with barbels and skin flaps. They are generally drab in colour, although those living coral reefs may have brighter patterns. They range in size from 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) length in Thlassophryne megalops, to 57 centimetres (22 in) in the Pacuna toadfish.[2]
The gills are small and occur only on the sides of the fish. The pelvic fins are forward of the pectoral fins, usually under the gills, and have one spine with several soft rays.[2] There are two separate dorsal fins; the first is smaller with spines, while the second has from 15 to 25 soft rays. The number of vertebrae range from 25 to 47.
Toadfishes of the genus Porichthys, the midshipman fishes, have photophores and four lateral lines. All toadfishes possess sharp spines on the first dorsal fin and on the opercle (gill cover). In fish of the subfamily Thalassophryninae, these are hollow and connect to venom glands capable of delivering a painful wound to predators.[2]
Distribution and habitat [edit]
Toadfishes are found worldwide. Most toadfish are marine, though some are found in brackish water and one subfamily, the Thalassophryninae, is found exclusively in freshwater habitats in South America. In particular, Daector quadrizonatus and Thalassophryne amazonica are known from the Atrato River in Colombia, and the Amazon River, respectively.
Habits and reproduction [edit]
Toadfishes are bottom-dwellers, ranging from near shore areas to deep waters. They tend to be omnivorous, eating sea worms, crustaceans, mollusks and other fish. They often hide in rock crevices, among the bottom vegetation, or even dig dens in the bottom sediments, from which they ambush their prey. Toadfish can survive out of water for as much as 24 hours, and some can move across exposed mudflats at low tide using their fins.[2]
Males make nests, and then attract females by "singing", that is, by releasing air by contracting muscles on their swim bladder. The sound has been called a 'hum' or 'whistle', and can be loud enough to be clearly audible from the surface. The eggs are sticky on one side, so that the female can attach them to the side of the nest. Each male will attract numerous females to his nest, so that the eggs within will have multiple different mothers.
The male then guards the nest against predators. During this period, the male must survive on a limited supply of food, as they are not able to leave the immediate vicinity to hunt. The eggs rapidly develop into embryos, but these remain attached to the side of the nest until the age of about three to four weeks. After this time, they continue to cluster around and hide behind the male, until they are large enough to fend for themselves. This degree of parental care is very unusual among fishes.[2]
Genera [edit]
There are about 80 species of toadfish, grouped into 21 genera, as follows:[1]
Order Batrachoidiformes
- Family Batrachoididae
- Subfamily Batrachoidinae
- Genus Amphichthys (2 species)
- Genus Batrachoides (9 species)
- Genus Opsanus (6 species)
- Genus Potamobatrachus (1 species)
- Genus Sanopus (6 species)
- Genus Vladichthys (1 species)
- Subfamily Halophryninae
- Genus Allenbatrachus (3 species)
- Genus Austrobatrachus (1 species)
- Genus Barchatus (1 species)
- Genus Batrachomoeus (5 species)
- Genus Batrichthys (3 species)
- Genus Bifax (1 species)
- Genus Chatrabus (2 species)
- Genus Colletteichthys (2 species)
- Genus Halobatrachus - Lusitanian toadfish (1 species, Halobatrachus didactylus; the English name comes from its being found in Portuguese waters; local name is charroco or encharroco)
- Genus Halophryne (4 species)
- Genus Perulibatrachus (3 species)
- Genus Riekertia - Broadbodied toadfish (1 species)
- Genus Triathalassothia (2 species)
- Subfamily Porichthyinae
- Genus Aphos (1 species)
- Genus Porichthys - Midshipmen (14 species)
- Subfamily Thlassophryininae
- Genus Daector (5 species)
- Genus Thalassophryne (6 species)
- Subfamily Batrachoidinae
Timeline of genera [edit]
Economics [edit]
Toadfish are not normally commercially exploited, however, they are taken by local fishermen as a food fish, and by trawlers where they usually end up as a source of fishmeal and oil. Some smaller toadfish from brackish-water habitats have been exported as fresh-water aquarium fishes.
The western Atlantic species Opsanus tau known as the oyster toadfish is quite widely used as a research animal, while a few species, most notably Thalassophryne amazonica, are occasionally kept as aquarium fish.
References [edit]
- Nelson, Joseph S. (2006) "Order Batrachoidiformes" Fishes of the World (4th ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9 pp. 248-249.
- Collette, B. B. "Order Batrachoidiformes, Batrachoididae, Toadfishes." In Carpenter, Kent E. (ed.) (2002) The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic Vol. 2, Bony fishes. Pt. 1 Acipenseridae to Grammatidae Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Special publication of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists no. 5) ISBN 92-5-104826-6
- Collette, B.B. and J. L. Russo (1981) "A Revision of the Scaly Toadfishes, Genus Batrachoides, with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Eastern Pacific" Bulletin of Marine Science 31(2): pp. 197–233.
- Hutchins, J.B. (1976) "A revision of the Australian frogfishes (Batrachoididae)" Records of the Western Australian Museum 4(1): pp. 3-43.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: p.560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
- CBC Radio Quirks and Quarks show podcast segment on unique toad fish habits with links to primary sources.
See also [edit]
External links [edit]
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