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Example of Islamic architecture from the 7th- to 9th-century period: the Great Mosque of Kairouan, founded in 670 by the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi, dates in its present state from the 9th century; [1] it is the architectural ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world and represents one of the best preserved and most significant examples of early great mosques. [2] The Great Mosque of Kairouan (also called the Mosque of Uqba) is located in the UNESCO World Heritage city of Kairouan in Tunisia.
An architectural style is a specific method of construction, characterized by the features that make it notable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which changes over time. These may reflect changing fashions, changing beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas and new technology which make new styles possible.
Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society and are documented in the subject of architectural history. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. The new style is sometimes only a rebellion against an existing style, such as post-modernism (means "after modernism") which has in recent years found its own language and split into a number of styles with other names.
Styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance, the Renaissance began in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of western Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, Belgian, German, English and Spanish Renaissance being recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics. A style may also spread through Colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the Spanish missions in California, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in a unique style.
After a style has gone out of fashion, there are often revivals and re-interpretations. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found fashion as neoclassicism (means "new classicism"). Each time it is revived, it is different. The Spanish mission style was revived 100 later as the Mission Revival, and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival.
Vernacular architecture works slightly differently and is listed separately. It is the native method of construction used by local people, usually using labour-intensive methods and local materials, and usually for small structures such as rural cottages. It varies from region to region even within a country, and takes little account of national styles or technology. As western society has developed, vernacular styles have mostly become outmoded by new technology and national building standards.
Chronology of styles[edit]
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Prehistoric[edit]
Early civilizations developed, often independently, in scattered locations around the globe. The architecture was often a mixture of styles in timber cut from local forests, and stone hewn from local rocks. Most of the timber has gone, although the earthworks remain. Impressive, massive stone structures have survived.
Ancient Americas[edit]
Mediterranean and Middle-East Civilizations[edit]
Ancient Near East and Mesopotamia[edit]
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Iranian and Persian[edit]
Islamic[edit]
- Islamic 691+
- Moorish c. 8th century - 1492 (Northern Africa, Spain, Portugal)
- Ottoman c. 1300-1918 (Turkey)
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South Asia[edit]
Ancient India[edit]
Historic temple styles[edit]
Dravidian and Vesara temple styles[edit]
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Other historic eras[edit]
Islamic influences[edit]
- Indo-Saracenic Revival aka Hindu Style, Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, Hindu-Gothic late 19th century (British India aka The Raj)
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Classical Antiquity[edit]
The architecture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, derived from the ancient Mediterranean civilisations such as at Knossos on Crete. They developed highly refined systems for proportions and style, using mathematics and geometry.
The Dark Ages[edit]
The European "Dark Ages" are generally taken to run from the end of the Roman Empire around 400 AD to around 1000 AD. Relatively little is known of this period, but Christianity (spread by the Romans) was already making a significant impact on European culture, and the Romans left a technological and social legacy.
Western Europe[edit]
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Eastern Europe[edit]
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Medieval Europe[edit]
The dominance of the Church over everyday life was expressed in grand spiritual designs which emphasized piety and sobriety. The Romanesque style was simple and austere. The Gothic style heightened the effect with heavenly spires, pointed arches and religious carvings.[3]
Romanesque[edit]
Associated styles[edit]
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1140-1520
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The Renaissance and its successors[edit]
1425-1660+. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread through Europe, rebelling against the all-powerful Church, by placing Man at the centre of his world instead of God.[4] The Gothic spires and pointed arches were replaced by classical domes and rounded arches, with comfortable spaces and entertaining details, in a celebration of humanity. The Baroque style was a florid development of this 200 years later, largely by the Catholic Church to restate its religious values.
United Kingdom[edit]
Colonial[edit]
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Baroque[edit]
1600-1800, up to 1900
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Neoclassicism[edit]
1720-1837 and on. A time often depicted as a rural idyll by the great painters, but in fact was a hive of early industrial activity, with small kilns and workshops springing up wherever materials could be mined or manufactured. After the Renaissance, neoclassical forms were developed and refined into new styles for public buildings and the gentry.
Neoclassical[edit]
Revivalism and Orientalism[edit]
19th and early 20th centuries. The Victorian Era was a time of giant leaps forward in technology and society, such as iron bridges, aqueducts, sewer systems, roads, canals, trains and factories. As engineers, inventors and businessmen they reshaped much of the British Empire, including the UK, India, Australia, South Africa and Canada, and influenced Europe and the United States. Architecturally, they were revivalists who modified old styles to suit new purposes.
Revivals started before the Victorian Era[edit]
- Gothic Revival 1740s+ (UK, US, Europe)
- Italianate 1802-1890 (UK, Europe, US)
- Egyptian Revival 1809–1820s, 1840s, 1920s (Europe, US)
- Biedermeier 1815–1848 (Central Europe)
- Russian Revival 1826-1917 (Russian Empire, Germany, Middle Asia)
- Russo-Byzantine style 1861-1917 (Russia, Eastern Europe, Balkans)
- Russian neoclassical revival 1900-1920 (Russian Empire, Eastern Europe)
Victorian revivals[edit]
Orientalism[edit]
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Revivals in North America[edit]
Other late 19th century[edit]
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Rural styles[edit]
Reactions to the Industrial Revolution[edit]
1880-1940. As a reaction to the dirty towns, urbanisation and mechanisation, movements appeared calling for a return to wholesome living, craftsmanship and a connection with nature. Some of this was manifested in a taste for exotic cultures and spirituality.
Arts and Crafts in Europe[edit]
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Arts and Crafts in the US[edit]
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Modernism[edit]
1880+. The Industrial Revolution had brought steel, plate glass, and mass-produced components. These enabled a brave new world of bold structural frames, with clean lines and plain or shiny surfaces. In the early stages, a popular motto was "decoration is a crime". In Eastern Europe the Communists rejected the West's decadent ways, and modernism developed in a markedly more bureaucratic, sombre and monumental fashion.
Modernism under communism[edit]
New Tradition[edit]
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Post-War[edit]
1945-
Other 20th century[edit]
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Post-Modernism and the 21st century[edit]
Fortified styles[edit]
Vernacular styles[edit]
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Generic methods[edit]
- Natural building
- Ice - Igloo, quinzhee
- Earth - Cob house, sod house, adobe, mudbrick house, rammed earth
- Timber - Log cabin, log house, Carpenter Gothic, roundhouse, stilt house
- Nomadic structures - Yaranga, bender tent
- Temporary structures - Quonset hut, Nissen hut, prefabricated home
- Underground - Underground living, rock-cut architecture, monolithic church, pit-house
- Modern low-energy systems - Straw-bale construction, earthbag construction, rice-hull bagwall construction, earthship, earth house
- Various styles - Longhouse
European[edit]
- European Arctic (North Norway and Sweden, Finland, North Russia) - Sami lavvu, Sami goahti
- Northwest Europe (Norway, Sweden, Fresia, Jutland, Denmark, North Poland, UK, Iceland) - Norse architecture, heathen hofs, Viking ring fortress, stave church, post church, palisade church, fogou, souterrain, Grubenhaus (also known as Grubhouse or Grubhut)
- Eastern Europe - Burdei, zemlyanka
- Bulgaria - Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo
- Estonia
- Germany - Black Forest house, Swiss chalet style, Gulf house (aka East Frisian house), Geestharden house (aka Cimbrian house, Schleswig house), Haubarg, Low German house (aka Low Saxon house), Middle German house, Ständerhaus, Uthland-Frisian house
- Holland - Frisian farmhouse, Old Frisian longhouse, Bildts farmhouse
- Iceland - Turf houses
- Italy - Trullo
- Lithuania - Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues
- Norway
- Poland - Zakopane, Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues, wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland, Upper Lusatian house
- Romania - Carpathian vernacular, wooden churches of Maramureș, Chirpici
- Scotland - Medieval turf building in Cronberry, blackhouses
- Slovakia - Wooden churches of the Slovak Carpathians
- Spain - Asturian teito, Asturian hórreo, Gallician palloza
- Ukraine - Wooden churches
- United Kingdom - Dartmoor longhouse, Neolithic long house, palisade church, mid-20th-century system-built houses
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North American[edit]
Native American[edit]
South American[edit]
African[edit]
- Central and South African countries - Rondavel
Australasian[edit]
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Alphabetical listing[edit]
- Adam style 1770 England
- Adirondack Architecture 1850s New York, US
- Anglo-Saxon architecture 450s-1066 England and Wales
- American colonial architecture 1720-1780s US
- American Craftsman 1890s–1930 US, California & east
- American Empire 1810
- American Foursquare mid. 1890s-late 1930s US
- Amsterdam School 1912–1924 Netherlands
- Ancient Egyptian architecture 3000 BC–373 AD
- Ancient Greek architecture 776 BC-265 BC
- Arcology 1970s AD-present
- Art Deco 1925–1940s Europe & US
- Art Nouveau c. 1885–1910
- 1880s-1920s; UK, California, US
- Australian architectural styles
- Baroque architecture
- Bauhaus
- Biedermeier 1815–1848
- Blobitecture 2003–present
- Brick Gothic c. 1350–c. 15th century
- Bristol Byzantine 1850-1880
- Brutalist architecture 1950s–1970s
- Buddhist architecture 1st century BC
- Byzantine architecture 527 AD (Sofia)-1520
- Carolingian architecture 780s-9th century; France and Germany
- Carpenter Gothic US and Canada 1840s on
- Chicago school 1880s and 1890 US
- Chilotan architecture 1600–present Chiloé and southern Chile
- Churrigueresque, 1660s-1750s. Spain and the New World
- City Beautiful movement 1890–20th century US
- Classical architecture 600 BC-323 AD
- Colonial Revival architecture
- Constructivist architecture
- Danish Functionalism 1960s AD Denmark
- Deconstructivism 1982–present
- Decorated Period c. 1290–c. 1350
- Dragestil 1880s-1910s, Norway
- Dutch Colonial 1615-1674 (Treaty of Westminster) New England
- Dutch Colonial Revival c. 1900 New England
- Early English Period c. 1190—c. 1250
- Eastlake Style 1879-1905 New England
- Egyptian Revival architecture 1809–1820s, 1840s, 1920s
- Elizabethan architecture (b.1533 – d.1603)
- Empire 1804-1814, 1870 revival
- English Baroque 1666 (Great Fire)–1713 (Treaty of Utrecht)
- Expressionist architecture 1910–c. 1924
- Federal architecture 1780-1830 US
- Florida cracker architecture c. 1800–present Florida, US
- Florida modern 1950s or Tropical Modern
- Functionalism c. 1900-1930s Europe & US
- Futurist architecture 1909 Europe
- Georgian architecture 1720-1840s UK & US
- Googie architecture 1950s America
- Gothic Architecture History
- Gothic architecture
- Gothic Revival architecture 1760s–1840s
- Greek Revival architecture
- Green building 2000 ->
- Heliopolis style 1905–c. 1935 Egypt
- Indian architecture India
- Interactive architecture 2000–present
- International style 1930–present
- Isabelline Gothic 1474-1505 (reign) Spain
- Islamic Architecture 691-present
- Italianate architecture 1802
- Jacobean architecture 1580-1660
- Jacobethan 1838
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- Jeffersonian architecture 1790s-1830s Virginia, US
- Jengki style 1950s Indonesia
- Jugendstil c. 1885–1910 German term for Art Nouveau
- Manueline 1495-1521 (reign) Portugal & colonies
- Mediterranean Revival Style 1890s–present; US, Latin America, Europe
- Memphis Group 1981-1988
- Merovingian architecture 5th-8th centuries; France and Germany
- Metabolist Movement 1959 Japan
- Mid-century modern 1950s-60s California, US, Latin America
- Mission Revival Style architecture 1894-1936; California, US
- Modern movement 1927–1960s
- Modernisme 1888-1911 Catalonian Art Nouveau
- National Park Service Rustic 1872–present US
- Natural building 2000 ->
- Nazi architecture 1933-1944 Germany
- Neo-Byzantine architecture 1882–1920s American
- Neoclassical architecture
- Neo-Grec 1848 and 1865
- Neo-gothic architecture
- Neolithic architecture 10,000 -3000 BC
- Neo-Manueline 1840s-1910s AD Portugal & Brazil
- New towns 1946-1968 United Kingdom
- Norman architecture 1074-1250
- Ottonian architecture 950s-1050s Germany
- Palladian architecture 1616–1680 (Jones)
- Perpendicular Period c. 1350–c. 1550
- Ponce Creole 1895-1920 Ponce, Puerto Rico
- Pombaline style 1755 earthquake-c. 1860 Portugal
- Postmodern architecture 1980s
- Polish Cathedral Style 1870-1930
- Polite architecture
- Prairie Style 1900–1917 US
- Pueblo style 1898-1990s
- Queen Anne Style architecture 1870–1910s UK & US
- Queenslander 1840s–1960s
- Ranch-style 1940s-1970s US
- Repoblación architecture 880s-11th century; Spain
- Regency architecture
- Richardsonian Romanesque 1880s US
- Rococo
- Roman architecture 753 BC–663 AD
- Romanesque architecture 1050-1100
- Romanesque Revival architecture 1840–1900 US
- Russian architecture 989-18th century
- Russian Revival 1826-1917, 1990s-present
- San Francisco architecture
- Second Empire 1865 and 1880
- Shingle Style 1879-1905 New England
- Sicilian Baroque 1693 earthquake–c. 1745
- Spanish Colonial Revival style 1915–present; California, Hawaii, Florida, Southwest US
- Spanish Colonial style 1520s–c. 1820s; New World, East Indies, other colonies
- c. 1900–present; California, Florida, US, Latin America, Spain.
- Stalinist architecture 1933–1955 USSR
- Structural Expressionism 1980s-present
- Swiss chalet style 1840s-1920s, Scandinavia and Germany
- Stick Style 1860-1890s
- Sustainable architecture 2000 ->
- Soft Portuguese style 1940-1955 Portugal & colonies
- Streamline Moderne 1930–1937
- Structuralism 1950-1975
- Sumerian architecture 5300–2000 BC
- Tidewater architecture 19th century
- Tudor architecture 1485–1603
- Tudorbethan architecture 1835–1885
- Ukrainian Baroque late 1600-19th century
- Usonian 1936–1940s US
- Victorian architecture 1837 and 1901 UK
- Vienna Secession 1897-c. 1905 Austrian Art Nouveau
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara Mediterranean Heritage)
- ^ John Stothoff Badeau and John Richard Hayes, The Genius of Arab civilization: source of Renaissance. Taylor & Francis. 1983. p. 104
- ^ Robert Stuart (1854), Cyclopedia of architecture: historical, descriptive, typographical, decorative, theoretical and mechanical, alphabetically arranged, familiarly explained, and adapted to the comprehension of workmen, A. S. Barnes & Co, p. 75
- ^ Gerald Leinwand, The pageant of world history, Prentice-Hall, 1990, page 330
- White, Norval; Elliott Willensky (2000). AIA Guide to New York (4th ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-8129-3107-6.
- Lewis, Philippa; Gillian Darley (1986). Dictionary of Ornament, NY: Pantheon
- Baker, John Milnes, AIA (1994) American House Styles, NY: Norton
Further reading[edit]
- Hamlin Alfred Dwight Foster, History of Architectural Styles, BiblioBazaar, 2009
- Carson Dunlop, Architectural Styles, Dearborn Real Estate, 2003
- Herbert Pothorn, A guide to architectural styles, Phaidon, 1983
External links[edit]
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Northumberland News
Mon, 10 Jun 2013 01:52:48 -0700
Several years ago, one of our local politicians suggested that with a reasonable amount of citizens' input, the Port Hope waterfront could be turned into a tourist attraction that would rival Camden, Maine. Having been there, I knew what an impossible ...
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Arab News
Wed, 19 Jun 2013 15:34:00 -0700
8,000 workers deployed to prepare for Ramadan at two holy mosques. 8000 workers.jpg. Work is in full swing to finalize the project, taking into consideration the special architectural style of the Grand Mosque. | نسخة PDF · Send to Friend · Print News ...
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The Union Leader
Wed, 19 Jun 2013 21:17:02 -0700
The buildings will have a New Hampshire mill architectural style and will offer quality amenities, according to the DOT. “This is not going to be like what you see on the Mass. pike, with a bunch of fast-food chains,” said Councilor Colin Van Ostern, D ...
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Nashoba Publishing
Wed, 19 Jun 2013 11:43:31 -0700
the new addition is expected to conform to the look of the older portions of the building and present a uniform architectural style. Although commission members were not unfriendly to the plan, they are concerned over the style of window frames to be ...
|  Wall Street Journal (blog) |
Wall Street Journal (blog)
Wed, 19 Jun 2013 18:20:06 -0700
The palace was among the earliest Islamic buildings to fuse true domes and arches – a cultural import from Iran via Central Asia – with chhatris, an indigenous Indian architectural style. Stories appeared in local newspapers and blogs. Delhi's minister ...
|  Dezeen |
Dezeen
Wed, 19 Jun 2013 10:21:20 -0700
Under his lead, the department developed a radical approach to designing primary and secondary schools that was shaped by use and environment rather than architectural style. Colin Stansfield Smith (1932-2013) Queen's Inclosure School by Hampshire ...
|  Stabroek News |
Stabroek News
Sun, 16 Jun 2013 02:08:15 -0700
The 'Sharples House' has almost become a term in the nomenclature to describe an architectural style of house building which was unique to Guyana. It could be described as a vernacular architecture of the late 19th century which evolved from local ...
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Business Mirror
Wed, 19 Jun 2013 04:58:20 -0700
The pink-and-white First United Building, formerly the Perez-Samanillo Building, is one of the few surviving examples of the Art Deco architectural style in Manila. Built in 1928 by Andres Luna de San Pedro (Juan Luna's son), this building, with its ...
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