| Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan الاتحاد العربي al-Ittiḥād al-ʿArabī |
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| Capital | Baghdad | ||||
| Languages | Arabic | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
| Government | Confederal monarchy | ||||
| King | |||||
| - | 1958 | Faisal II | |||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||
| - | Established | 14 February 1958 | |||
| - | Coup d'état | 14 July 1958 | |||
| - | Disestablished | 2 August 1958 | |||
| Area | |||||
| - | 1958 | 527,659 km² (203,730 sq mi) | |||
| Population | |||||
| - | 1958 est. | 8,068,000 | |||
| Density | 15.3 /km² (39.6 /sq mi) | ||||
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The Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan was a short-lived country that was formed in 1958 from the union of Iraq and Jordan. Although the name implies a federal structure, it was de facto a confederation.
The Federation was formed on 14 February 1958, when King Faisal II of Iraq and his cousin, King Hussein of Jordan, sought to unite their two Hashemite kingdoms, as a response to the formation of the United Arab Republic. The union lasted only six months, being officially dissolved on 2 August 1958, after Faisal was deposed by a military coup on 14 July.
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Historical attempts to unify [edit]
From the 1930s on the Hashemite dynasty tried to promote Arab unity. This was witnessed the efforts of Iraq and Jordan to unite at three different times. "From the Iraqi perspective, Jordan had little to offer, either economically or strategically, to counterbalance its numerous liabilities".[1] These liabilities included Jordanian King Abdallah's moderation on the Arab-Israeli conflict, his being at the behest of Britain, and the unstable relationship between King Abdallah and his nephew, Iraqi regent, Abdul-Illah. Regardless of these issues, the two countries first attempted unification during in 1946-1947 and was introduced by King Abdallah "Stemming from his renewed promotion of the Greater Syria Scheme".[2] The second time was in 1951-1952 and it resulted from the attempt to rescue Jordan and the Hashemite control after King Abdallah was assassinated. 1958 marked the third alliance, which came out of the shared regional interests between Iraq and Jordan against the expansion of the United Arab Republic.
Background [edit]
During the post-colonial years in the Arab world many forces argued for the creation of a single Arab state. Popular under the name of Arab nationalism, this tenet became increasingly popular among young intellectuals throughout the Middle East and in Iraq during the 1950s. Many different versions of Arab Nationalism arose, and developed into an Arab Cold War. These movements were led by many different leaders, the most famous being that espoused by Gamal Abd Al-Nasser, the President of Egypt. Nasser's vision of a Pan-Arab state was one free of foreign and specifically European interference, land reform, socialist sympathies and dissolution of the ruling, active monarchies. For Royalist and European aligned Iraq and Jordan, Nasser's vision was incompatible with their existence. Led by Prime Minister Nuri as-Said under King Faisal II, Iraq like Jordan were Hashemite monarchies since their establishment in 1922 at the bequest of the British. The basis of rule in Iraq was diametrically opposite the type of legitimate rule espoused by Nasser, who had overthrown Egypt's own monarchy in 1952 when the Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk into exile. Further complicating the relationship with pan-Arabism was Iraq's relationship with the West and its Anti-Soviet containment policy. In 1955, Iraq entered the short-lived Baghdad Pact at the urging of the United Kingdom and the United States. This pact sought to block the Soviet Union from Southward expansion by preventing the USSR's access to the petroleum resources of the Middle East and aimed to prevent them from establishing a foothold in the region - especially among the populace. The Baghdad pact aligned Iraq with Turkey, Pakistan, Iran and the United Kingdom. While as-Said saw the treaty as a guarantee to the security of the Iraqi state, his government and Hashemite monarchy Nasser openly and loudly criticized the treaty as a capitulation to foreign powers.
In early 1958, the formation the United Arab Republic (UAR) between Syria and Egypt brought Nasser's pan-Arab ideals that threatened the existence of both Hashemite regimes, to the Western borders of Iraq. In order to counter Nasser's pan-Arabism, as-Said approached the Hashemite government of Jordan, to discuss the formation of a union while also appeasing Arab nationalists within Iraq. Officially formed on 14 February 1958, the Arab Union or Arab Federation united the foreign policy and defense functions of each country but left the vast majority of other domestic programs under national jurisdiction. Nuri as-Said became the Premier of the Arab Union. Nuri as-Said mistakenly believed the Iraqi military command would keep the King on his throne and his government in power, but he neglected to see the growing opposition in the Sunni officer corps against the regime; it overthrew him, the Iraqi government and ended the Arab Union during the summer of 1958.[3]
Failure [edit]
Tension between the UAR and the Arab Union (Arab Federation) resulted in the fall of as-Said, the Union and the entire Iraqi Hashemite regime. During the summer of 1958, UAR troop movements to the Syrian border instigated the Arab Union to mobilize troops to counter this move. In July 1958, troops led the Qasim travelling through Iraq, took a chance to overthrow the King and his government in Baghdad. With the fall and resulting deaths of Saed, King Faisal II and the rest of the Iraqi royal family, both the Hashemite regime fell and with it the short lived Arab Union.[3]
The revolution and downfall of the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq would not be the end of relations between Iraq and Jordan. In 1975 Jordan turned away from their economic relationship with Syria and instead looked to Iraq. Iraq offered Jordan a strong economy, oil money, a large market and strategic depth. With Iraq's financial aid, Jordan made some economic gains. In fact, by 1990 Iraq was "Jordan's largest market, it was repaying trade credit debts in oil, and it held out the hope of lucrative reconstruction contracts after the Iran-Iraq War." [4][5]
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. "Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity." Middle Eastern Studies 26 (1990): 65-75. JSTOR. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 9 March. 2009 [1]. Page 65.
- ^ Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. "Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity." Middle Eastern Studies 26 (1990). : 65-75. JSTOR. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 9 March. 2009 [2]. Page 65.
- ^ a b Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 2007. (Pages 135-145)
- ^ Brand, Laurie A. "Economics and Shifting Alliances: Jordan's Relations with Syria and Iraq, 1975-81." International Journal of Middle East Studies 26 (1994): 393-413. JSTOR. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 9 March. 2009 [3]. Page 81.
- ^ Ryan, Curtis. "Between Iraq and a Hard Place: Jordanian-Iraqi Relations." Middle East Report (2000): 40-42. JSTOR. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 9 March. 2009 [4].
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