| Aardvark Temporal range: Pliocene–Recent [1] |
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| An aardvark at Detroit Zoo | |
| Conservation status | |
Scientific classification  |
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Superorder: | Afrotheria |
| Order: | Tubulidentata Huxley, 1872 |
| Family: | Orycteropodidae Gray, 1821 |
| Genus: | Orycteropus G. Cuvier, 1798 |
| Species: | O. afer |
| Binomial name | |
| Orycteropus afer (Pallas, 1766) |
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| Aardvark range | |
The aardvark (/ˈɑːrd.vɑːrk/ ARD-vark, Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa.[3] It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata,[4] although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are known.
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Naming and taxonomy [edit]
It is sometimes colloquially called "African antbear",[1][5] "anteater", or the "Cape anteater"[1] after the Cape of Good Hope. The name comes from earlier Afrikaans (erdvark)[1] and means "earth pig" or "ground pig" (aarde earth/ground, vark pig), because of its burrowing habits[6] (similar origin to the name groundhog). The aardvark is not closely related to the pig; rather, it is the sole recent representative of the obscure mammalian order Tubulidentata, in which it is usually considered to form one variable species of the genus Orycteropus, the sole surviving genus in the family Orycteropodidae. The aardvark is not closely related to the South American anteater, despite sharing some characteristics and a superficial resemblance.[7] The closest living relatives of the aardvark are the elephant shrews, along with the sirenians, hyraxes, tenrecs, and elephants. With their extinct relatives, these animals form the superorder Afrotheria. The scientific name of the aardvark comes from Greek ορυκτερόπους (orykterópous) meaning "digging footed" and afer: from Africa.
Fossils from the aardvark have been dated to 5 million years, and have been located throughout Europe and Asia. A close relative lived in Madagascar during the last ice age.[1]
Description [edit]
The aardvark is vaguely pig-like in appearance. Its body is stout with an arched back and is sparsely covered with coarse hairs. The limbs are of moderate length. The front feet have lost the pollex (or 'thumb'), resulting in four toes, while the rear feet have all five toes. Each toe bears a large, robust nail which is somewhat flattened and shovel-like, and appears to be intermediate between a claw and a hoof. The ears, which are very effective,[1] are disproportionately long, and the tail is very thick at the base and gradually tapers. The greatly elongated head is set on a short, thick neck, and the end of the snout bears a disc, which houses the nostrils. The snout resembles an elongated pig snout. The mouth is small and tubular, typical of species that feed on ants and termites. The aardvark has a long, thin, snakelike, protruding tongue (as much as 30 centimetres (12 in) long}[1] and elaborate structures supporting a keen sense of smell.[8] It has short powerful legs and compact claws.[1]
An aardvark's weight is typically between 40 and 65 kilograms (88 and 140 lb). An aardvark's length is usually between 1 and 1.3 metres (3.3 and 4.3 ft), and can reach lengths of 2.2 metres (7 ft 3 in) when its tail (which can be up to 70 centimetres (28 in))[3] is taken into account. It is the largest member of the proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia. The aardvark is pale yellowish-gray in color and often stained reddish-brown by soil. The aardvark's coat is thin, and the animal's primary protection is its tough skin. The aardvark has been known to sleep in a recently excavated ant nest, which also serves as protection from its predators.[citation needed]
One of the most distinctive characteristics of the Tubulidentata is their teeth. Instead of having a pulp cavity, each tooth has a cluster of thin, upright, parallel tubes of vasodentin (a modified form of dentine), with individual pulp canals, held together by cementum. The teeth have no enamel coating and are worn away and regrow continuously. The aardvark is born with conventional incisors and canines at the front of the jaw, which fall out and are not replaced. Adult aardvarks have only cheek teeth at the back of the jaw, and have a dental formula of: 0.0.2-3.30.0.2.3 These remaining teeth are peg-like and rootless and are of unique composition.[9] The teeth consist of 14 upper and 12 lower jaw molars.[1]
Genetically speaking, the aardvark is a living fossil, as its chromosomes are highly conserved, reflecting much of the early eutherian arrangement before the divergence of the major modern taxa.[10]
Habitat and Range [edit]
Aardvarks live in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is suitable habitat for them to live, such as savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland, and available food (i.e., ants and termites).[7] The only major habitat that they are not present in is swamp forest.[11] They have been documented as high as 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) in Ethiopia.[11] They are known to live throughout sub-Saharan Africa all the way to South Africa with few exceptions. These exceptions are coastal areas of Namibia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana.[11] They are also not present in Madagascar.[11]
Ecology and behavior [edit]
The aardvark is nocturnal and is a solitary creature that feeds almost exclusively on ants and termites (formicivore);[12] the only fruit eaten by aardvarks is the aardvark cucumber. An aardvark emerges from its burrow in the late afternoon or shortly after sunset, and forages over a considerable home range encompassing 10 to 30 km,[3] swinging its long nose from side to side to pick up the scent of food. When a concentration of ants or termites is detected, the aardvark digs into it with its powerful front legs, keeping its long ears upright to listen for predators, and takes up an astonishing number of insects with its long, sticky tongue—as many as 50,000 in one night have been recorded. It can dig 2 feet in 15 seconds,[13] but otherwise moves fairly slowly. Its claws enable it to dig through the extremely hard crust of a termite or ant mound quickly, avoiding the dust by sealing the nostrils. When successful, the aardvark's long (up to 30 centimetres (12 in))[3] tongue licks up the insects; the termites' biting, or the ants' stinging attacks are rendered futile by the tough skin. Its keen hearing warns it of predators: lions, leopards, hyenas, and pythons.[1]
Aside from digging out ants and termites, the aardvark also excavates burrows in which to live; temporary sites are scattered around the home range as refuges, and a main burrow is used for breeding. Main burrows can be deep and extensive, have several entrances and can be as long as 13 metres (43 ft).[12] These burrows can be large enough for a man to enter.[1] The aardvark changes the layout of its home burrow regularly, and from time to time moves on and makes a new one; the old burrows are then inhabited by smaller animals like the African wild dog.[3] Only mothers and young share burrows; however, the aardvark is known to live in small family groups or as a solitary creature.[1] If attacked in the tunnel, it will escape by digging out of the tunnel thereby placing the fresh fill between it and its predator, or if it decides to fight it will roll onto its back, and attack with its claws.[1]
Aardvarks pair only during the breeding season; after a gestation period of seven months, one cub weighing around 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) is born during May–July,[1] and is able to leave the burrow to accompany its mother after only two weeks, and is eating termites at 14 weeks and is weaned by 16 weeks.[3][12] At six months of age it is able to dig its own burrows, but it will often remain with the mother until the next mating season, and is sexually capable by the season after that.[citation needed]
Aardvarks live for up to 24 years in captivity.[3]
The aardvark's main predators are lions, leopards, hunting dogs and pythons. Some African tribes also hunt aardvarks for meat.[1] Aardvarks can dig fast or run in zigzag fashion to elude enemies, but if all else fails, they will strike with their claws, tail and shoulders, sometimes flipping onto their backs to lash with all fours. Their thick skin also protects them to some extent.[citation needed]
Conservation [edit]
Aardvarks were thought to have declining numbers,[1] however this is due to the fact that they are not readily seen.[11] There are no definitive counts due their secretive nature; however their numbers seem to be stable overall. There may be a slight decrease in numbers in eastern, northern, and western Africa. Southern African numbers are not decreasing. It receives an official designation from the IUCN as least concern.[11]
Mythology and popular culture [edit]
In African folklore, the aardvark is much admired because of its diligent quest for food and its fearless response to soldier ants. Hausa magicians make a charm from the heart, skin, forehead, and nails of the aardvark, which they then proceed to pound together with the root of a certain tree. Wrapped in a piece of skin and worn on the chest, the charm is said to give the owner the ability to pass through walls or roofs at night. The charm is said to be used by burglars and those seeking to visit young girls without their parents' permission.[14] Also, some tribes will use their teeth to make bracelets that are regarded as good luck charms.[1]
The Egyptian god Set is said (by some) to have the head of an aardvark or to be part aardvark.[15]
The titular character of Arthur, an animated television series for children based on a book series and produced by WGBH,[16] shown in more than 180 countries, is an aardvark.[17]
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Goodwin, George G. (1997). "Aardvark". In Johnston, Bernard. Collier's Encyclopedia. I A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier. pp. 2–3.
- ^ Lindsey, P.; Cilliers, S.; Griffin, M.; Taylor, A.; Lehmann, T.; & Rathbun, G. (2008). "Orycteropus afer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aard-vark". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - ^ Schlitter, D. A. (2005). "Order Tubulidentata". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Craddock, et al. 2011
- ^ "aardvark". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Aardvark". African Wildlife Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ "Adaptations of the aardvark for survival in the Karoo: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa (Taylor & Francis) 59 (2). 2004. doi:10.1080/00359190409519169.
- ^ Martin, E. A. Dictionary of Life Sciences.
- ^ "Great Uncle Aardvark?". BBC News. 20 January 2003. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f IUCN SSC Afrotheria Specialist Group (2006). "Orycteropus afer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 3.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 04/06/2013.
- ^ a b c van Aarde, Rudi J. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 466–467. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
- ^ "Aardvarks at the Bronx Zoo". Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ "Cute as a Button but a Pain in my Butt: The Aardvark". Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ Te Velde, Henk (1977). Seth, God of Confusion: A Study of His Role in Egyptian Mythology and Religion. Brill. p. 13. ISBN 978-9004054028.
- ^ Create a new character for Arthur, WKYC.com, 14 February 2009.
- ^ About the Program: Arthur Parents & Teachers, PBS.org, Public Broadcasting System.
External links [edit]
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Wikispecies has information related to: Orycteropus afer |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Orycteropus afer |
- IUCN/SSC Afrotheria Specialist Group - Aardvark website
- Antbear/Aardvark at wackywildlifewonders.com
- Information at Animal Diversity Web: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
- "The Biology of the Aardvark" (Orycteropus afer) diploma thesis (without pictures)
- "The Biology of the Aardvark" (Orycteropus afer) same diploma thesis (including the pictures)
- Some good photos of baby aardvarks
Texts on Wikisource:
- "The Aard-Vark or Earth-Hog" in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 14 (March 1879)
- Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Aardvark". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
- "Aard-vark". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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