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The factual accuracy of parts of this article (those related to article) may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (May 2012) |
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| Produced | In production late 2011,[1] to market late 2012[2] |
|---|---|
| Designed by | ARM |
| Max. CPU clock rate | 1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz |
| Min. feature size | 32 nm/28 nm initially[3] to 22 nm roadmap[3] |
| Instruction set | ARMv7 |
| Cores | 1–4 per cluster, 1–2 clusters per physical chip[4] |
| L1 cache | 64 kB (32 kB I-cache, 32 kB D-cache) per core |
| L2 cache | Up to 4 MB[5] per cluster |
| L3 cache | none |
The ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore is a multicore ARM architecture processor providing an out-of-order superscalar pipeline ARM v7 instruction set running at up to 2.5 GHz.[6]
Contents |
Overview [edit]
ARM has claimed that the Cortex A15 core is 40 percent more powerful than the Cortex-A9 core with the same number of cores at the same speed.[7] The first A15 designs came out in the autumn of 2011, but products based on the chip did not reach the market until 2012.[1]
Key features of the Cortex-A15 core are:
- 40-bit Large Physical Address Extensions (LPAE) addressing up to 1 TB of RAM.[8][9] As per the x86 Physical Address Extension, still only 32-bit address space is available per process.[10]
- 15 stage integer/17–25 stage floating point pipeline, with out-of-order speculative issue 3-way superscalar execution pipeline.[11]
- 4 cores per cluster, up to 2 clusters per chip with CoreLink 400 (an AMBA-4 coherent interconnect). ARM provides specifications but the licencees individually design ARM chips, and AMBA-4 scales beyond 2 clusters.
- DSP and NEON SIMD extensions onboard (per core).
- VFPv4 Floating Point Unit onboard (per core).
- Hardware virtualization support.
- Thumb-2 instruction set encoding reduces the size of programs with little impact on performance.
- TrustZone security extensions.
- Jazelle RCT for JIT compilation.
- Program Trace Macrocell and CoreSight Design Kit for unobtrusive tracing of instruction execution.
- 32 kB data + 32 kB instruction L1 cache per core.
- Integrated low-latency level-2 cache controller, up to 4 MB per cluster.
Chips [edit]
First implementation come from Samsung in 2012 with the Exynos 5 Dual, shipped October 2012 with the Samsung Chromebook Serie 3 (ARM version), followed in November by the Google Nexus 10.
Implementations of other manufacturers are expected to hit market in 2013.
Press announcements of forthcoming implementations:
- Broadcom SoC[12]
- HiSilicon K3V3.[13]
- Nvidia Tegra 4 (Wayne)[14]
- Samsung Exynos 5 Dual[15]
- ST-Ericsson Nova A9600 (dual-core @ 2.5 GHz over 20k DMIPS)[16][17]
- Texas Instruments OMAP 5 SoCs[18]
Other licensees, such as LG,[19][20] are expected to produce an A15 based design at some point.
Systems on a chip [edit]
| Model Number | Semiconductor technology | CPU | GPU | Memory interface | Wireless radio technologies | Availability | Utilizing devices |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HiSilicon K3V3 | 28 nm HPL | big.LITTLE architecture using 1.8 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 + dual-core ARM Cortex-A7 MPCore |
Mali-T658 | H2 2013 | |||
| Nvidia Tegra 4 T40 | 28 nm HPL | 1.9 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A15[21] + 1 low power core | Nvidia GeForce @ 72 core, 672 MHz, 96 GFLOPS = 48 PS + 24 VU × 0.672 × 2 (96 GFLOPS)[22](support DirectX 11+, OpenGL 4.X, and PhysX) | 32-bit dual-channel DDR3L or LPDDR3 up to 933 MHz (1866 MHz data rate)[21] | Category 3 (100 Mbit/s) LTE | Q2 2013 | Nvidia Shield |
| Nvidia Tegra 4 AP40 | 28 nm HPL | 1.2-1.8 GHz quad-core + low power core | Nvidia GPU 60 [21] cores (support DirectX 11+, OpenGL 4.X, and PhysX) | 32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 | Category 3 (100 Mbit/s) LTE | Q3 2013 | |
| Samsung Exynos 5 Dual | 32 nm HKMG | 1.7 GHz dual-core | ARM Mali-T604 (quad-core) | 32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3/DDR3 or 533 MHz LPDDR2 | Q3 2012 | Arndale Board, Chromebook, Nexus 10, Armbrix Board | |
| Samsung Exynos 5 Octa | 28 nm | 1.6–1.8 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A15 and 1.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 | PowerVR SGX544MP3 @ 533 MHz | 32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 | Q2 2013 | Samsung Galaxy S4 | |
| Texas Instruments OMAP5430 | 28 nm | 2.0 GHz dual-core | PowerVR SGX544MP2 @ 532 MHz + dedicated 2D graphics accelerator | 32-bit dual-channel 532 MHz LPDDR2 | Q2 2013 | ||
| Texas Instruments OMAP5432 | 28 nm | 2.0 GHz dual-core | PowerVR SGX544MP2 @ 532 MHz + dedicated 2D graphics accelerator | 32-bit dual-channel 532 MHz DDR3 | Q2 2013 |
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ a b TI Reveals OMAP 5: The First ARM Cortex A15 SoC
- ^ ARM Expects First Cortex-A15 Devices in Late 2012
- ^ a b ARM Unveils Cortex-A15 MPCore Processor to Dramatically Accelerate Capabilities of Mobile, Consumer and Infrastructure Applications — in the Supporting Technology section
- ^ CoreLink Network Interconnect for AMBA AXI
- ^ Cortex-A15 Processor — Product description
- ^ ARM Cortex-A15 - ARM Processor
- ^ Exclusive : ARM Cortex-A15 "40 Per Cent" Faster Than Cortex-A9
- ^ ARM7 40-bit, virtualization
- ^ ARM e-mail to LINUX: Add support for the Large Physical Address Extensions
- ^ "Calxeda plots server dominance with ARM SoCs."
- ^ Exploring the Design of the Cortex-A15 Processor Travis Lanier
- ^ Broadcom announces plans for ARM's Cortex-A15 SoC | thinq
- ^ Huawei Announces HiSilicon K3V3 Chipset For Smartphones on Tom's Hardware
- ^ NVIDIA Announces "Project Denver" to Build Custom CPU Cores Based on ARM Architecture, Targeting Personal Computers to Supercomputers - NVIDIA Newsroom
- ^ Samsung Announces Industry First ARM Cortex-A15 Processor Samples for Tablet Computers
- ^ Changing the game: ST-Ericsson Unveils NovaThor™ Family of Smartphone Platforms Combining its Most Advanced Application Processors with the Latest Generation of Modems
- ^ Desire Athow (14 March 2011). "Exclusive : ARM Cortex-A15 "40 Per Cent" Faster Than Cortex-A9". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ OMAP Applications Processors - OMAP 5 Platform
- ^ LG Electronics Licenses ARM Processor Technology to Drive - ARM
- ^ Why LG Getting ARM Cortex A15 License Is A Big Deal | ITProPortal.com
- ^ a b c http://www.nvidia.com/object/tegra-4-processor.html
- ^ http://www.359gsm.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=127&t=13134&p=26833#p26833
External links [edit]
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